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Dmitri Volkogonov - Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary

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Dmitri Volkogonov Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary

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THE FREE PRESS A Division of Simon Schuster Inc 1230 Avenue of the - photo 1

THE FREE PRESS

A Division of Simon & Schuster Inc.

1230 Avenue of the Americas

New York, NY 10020

Copyright 1996 by The Estate of Dmitri Volkogonov

Translation copyright 1996 by The Estate of Dmitri Volkogonov

All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.

THE FREE PRESS and colophon are trademarks of Simon & Schuster Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Volkogonov, Dmitri Antonovich

[Trotski. English]

Trotsky: the eternal revolutionary / Dmitri Volkogonov; translated and edited by Harold Shukman

p. cm.

Includes index.

eISBN 978-1-43910-573-3 (hardcover: alk paper)

1. Trotsky, Leon, 1879-1940. 2. RevolutionariesSoviet UnionBiography. 3. Soviet UnionPolitics and government1917-1936. I. Shukman, Harold. II. Title.

DK254.T6V6513 1996

947.084092dc20

[B] 95-42315

CIP

Picture 2

Contents

Illustrations Unless otherwise indicated all photographs are from the David - photo 3

Illustrations

(Unless otherwise indicated, all photographs are from the David King Collection, 90 St Pauls Road, London N1 2QP)

Map

Chronological Table Dates according to New Style or Western Calendar - photo 4

Picture 5

Chronological Table

(Dates according to New Style or Western Calendar)

1879

7 NovemberLev Davidovich Bronshtein (Trotsky) born at Yanovka, near Yelizavetgrad (Kirovograd) in Ukraine.
21 DecemberJosef Stalin born at Gori, Georgia.

1886

Trotsky begins primary school.

1888

Enters St Pauls High School, Odessa.

1896

Completes secondary education in Nikolaev.

1896-97

Joins Social Democratic revolutionary group in Nikolaev.

1898

MarchRussian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) formed in Minsk. Trotsky arrested and exiled to Siberia for two years.

1899

Trotsky marries Alexandra Sokolovskaya in prison.

1900

Birth of Trotskys first daughter, Zinaida. Lenin and Martov start their newspaper Iskra (The Spark).

1902

Birth of Trotskys second daughter, Nina. Trotsky escapes from exile, adopts the name of Trotsky and leaves the country illegally. Meets Lenin for the first time in London.

1903

RSDLP splits at its Second Congress in London into Bolsheviks, led by Lenin,
and Mensheviks, led by a group including Martov and Trotsky. Trotsky marries Natalya Sedova.

1904-06

Russo-Japanese War.

1905

Trotsky returns to Russia and takes active part in first Russian revolution.
OctoberTsar concedes political reform, including a legislative assembly, the State Duma.
DecemberTrotsky elected President of St Petersburg Soviet.

1906

Trial of Trotsky and other members of St Petersburg Soviet. Birth of Trotskys first son, Lev.

1907

Trotsky exiled to Western Siberia. Escapes abroad. First meeting with Stalin at Fifth Party Congress in London.

1908

Birth of Trotskys second son, Sergei.

1910

Death of Trotskys mother, Anna Bronshtein. Trotsky establishes his independent newspaper Pravda , which fails for lack of funds.

1912-14

Trotsky works as war correspondent in the Balkans and reporter in Paris for the newspaper Kievskaya mysl .

1914

Trotsky leaves Vienna for Zurich and later Paris.
AugustRussia enters First World War.

1915-16

Trotsky collaborates with Menshevik Internationalists in Paris on newspaper Nashe slovo .

1916

Trotsky expelled from France to Spain, where he is arrested.

1917

Arrives in New York.
MarchTsar abdicates. Provisional Government formed in Petrograd.
March-MayTrotsky leaves for Russia. Arrested in Halifax, Canada. Arrives in Petrograd.
AugustTrotsky enters Bolshevik Party at Sixth Party
Congress and becomes member of Central Committee.
August-SeptemberTrotsky and other Bolsheviks arrested on charges of working for Germany. Soon released.
SeptemberTrotsky becomes chairman of Petrograd Soviet.
OctoberMilitary Revolutionary Committee created with Trotsky as chairman. Trotsky appointed Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs in first Soviet government.
DecemberThe Cheka, the Soviet political police, formed. Bolshevik-German armistice.

1918

JanuarySoviet-German peace talks at Brest-Litovsk. Trotsky heads Soviet delegation. Constituent Assembly dispersed by Bolsheviks after one session.
FebruaryChicherin replaces Trotsky as Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs and head of Brest-Litovsk delegation.
MarchBrest-Litovsk peace treaty signed with Germany. Trotsky appointed Peoples Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. Red Army founded.
AprilCivil war begins in Russia.
JulyTsar and family executed in Yekaterinburg.
SeptemberTrotsky appointed chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council of the Republic.
NovemberAllied-German armistice.

1919

MarchThird Communist International (Comintern) founded in Moscow. Trotsky elected member of Comintern Executive Committee (ECCI).

1920

AprilPoles invade Soviet Ukraine. October Armistice with Poland.
NovemberCivil war ends with defeat and evacuation of White armies in Crimea.

1921

MarchAnti-Bolshevik uprising of Kronstadt
garrison. Tenth Party Congress adopts Lenins New Economic Policy and bans the formation of factions in the Party.

1922

FebruaryCheka renamed GPU. Trotskys father, David Bronshtein, dies of typhus.
AprilStalin elected General Secretary of the Party.
MayLenins first stroke.
DecemberLenins second stroke. Formation of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

1923

MarchLenins third stroke.
AprilTwelfth Party Congress.
OctoberTrotsky writes to Central Committee and Central Control Commission. Statement of forty-six of Trotskys supporters to the Politburo.

1924

JanuaryLenin dies. Trotsky, convalescing in the Caucasus, is absent from his funeral.
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