The Hamburg Group
Mohamed el-Amir aka Mohamed Atta: September 11 pilot, leader with Ramzi bin al-Shibh, of Hamburg group; Egyptian
Marwan al-Shehhi: September 11 pilot; Emirati
Ziad Jarrah: September 11 pilot; Lebanese
Ramzi bin al-Shibh, aka Omar: leader with Atta of Hamburg group, tried to become a pilot, coordinator of September 11 attacks; Yemeni
Said Bahaji: member of Hamburg group, fled before September 11; German-Moroccan
Zakariya Essabar: member of the Hamburg group, tried to become a pilot, fled before September 11; Moroccan
Mounir el-Motassadeq: member of the Hamburg group, accused of assisting the September 11 plot; Moroccan
Mohammed Fazazi: imam and mentor to the Hamburg group; Moroccan Mohammed bin Naser Belfas: mentor to Hamburg group; Yemeni-Indonesian
Mohammed Haydar Zammar: Al Qaeda possible recruiter of Hamburg hijackers; Syrian-German
Mamoun Darkazanli: Zammar associate, radical Islamist, mentor to Hamburg group; Syrian-German
Abdelghani Mzoudi: friend of Hamburg group, accused and acquitted of assisting September 11 hijackers; Moroccan
Abdullachman al-Makhadi: mentor of Ziad Jarrah, imam of Greifswald Mosque, friend of Belfas and Zammar; Yemeni
Mohammed Ragih: member of Hamburg group; Yemeni
Bashir Musleh: friend of Jarrah in Greifswald and Hamburg; Jordanian
Abbas Tahir: friend of Musleh and Jarrah; Sudanese
Friends and Acquaintances
Shadi Abdallah: friend of Hamburg group, member of al Tawhid, Jordanian terror group; Jordanian
Shahid Nickels: friend of Hamburg group, drifted away; German-South African
Ahmed Maklat: friend of Hamburg group, left Hamburg out of fear; Sudanese
Yassir Boughlal: college classmate and friend of Zakariya Essabar, resisted recruitment; Moroccan
Aysel Sengn: Ziad Jarrahs girlfriend; German-Turk
Al Qaeda
Osama bin Ladin: leader of Al Qaeda; Saudi
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed: mastermind of the September 11 attacks; operational commander of Al Qaeda; Pakistani
Muhammed Atef: Osama bin Ladins lieutenant; Egyptian
Ayman al-Zawahiri: Bin Ladin lieutenant; Egyptian
Abu Zubaydah, n Mohammed Hussein Zein-al-Abideen: Bin Ladin lieutenant captured in March 2002; Jordanian
Tawfiq bin Attash, aka Khallad: Bin Laden lieutenant, coordinator of USS Cole bombings; Saudi
Hambali, aka Encep Nurjaman, Riduan Isamuddin: leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, a Southeast Asian terror organization and Al Qaeda coordinator in the region; Indonesian
Yazid Sufaat: Hambali deputy, assisted Moussaoui, Hazmi, Mihdhar, and Khallad; Malaysian
Ali Abdul Aziz Ali: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed nephew, funneled money to 9/11 hijackers from United Arab Emirates; Pakistani
Mustafa al-Hawasawi: financial facilitator of September 11; worked with Ali Abdulaziz Ali in UAE; Saudi
Imad Eddin Barakat Yarkas, aka Abu Dahdah: leader of Madrid cell; Syrian
Zacarias Moussaoui: accused 9/11 conspirator, awaiting trial in Virginia on suspicion of wanting to become a hijacker; French-Moroccan
Manila Air Bombing Campaign
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed: mastermind of the September 11 attacks; Pakistani-Kuwaiti
Ramzi Yousef, aka Abdul Basit Abdul Karim: organizer of the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center; planner of Bojinka, the Manila airline bombing campaign; Pakistani
Mohammed Jamal Khalifa: Bin Laden brother-in-law, alleged terror financier in Philippines and elsewhere; Saudi
Abdul Hakim Murad: participant in Bojinka, the Manila airline bombing campaign; Pakistani
Wali Khan Amin Shah: participant in Bojinka, Manila airline bombing campaign; Afghan
Afghanistan
Abdullah Azzam: Palestinian leader of the Afghan Arabs; Palestinian
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: fundamentalist warlord; Afghan
Abdur Rasul Sayyaf: fundamentalist warlord; Afghan
Zahed Sheikh Mohammed: Khalid Sheikh Mohammeds brother, head of Kuwaiti charity Lajnat al-Dawa Islamia; Pakistani-Kuwaiti
Abed Sheikh Mohammed: Khalid Sheikh Mohammeds brother, killed in Battle of Jalalabad; Pakistani-Kuwaiti
Aref Sheikh Mohammed: Khalid Sheikh Mohammeds brother; Pakistani-Kuwaiti
Burhanuddin Rabbani: fundamentalist, ethnically Tajik political leader; Afghan
Mullah Omar: Taliban leader; Commander of the Faithful; Afghan
September 11, 2001
American Airlines Flight 11, Attacked the North Tower of the World Trade Center
Mohamed Atta: pilot, Egyptian
Abdul Aziz al-Omari: Saudi
Satam al-Suqami: Saudi
Wail al-Shehri: Saudi
Waleed al-Shehri: Saudi
United Airlines Flight 175, Attacked the South Tower of the World Trade Center
Marwan al-Shehhi: pilot, Emirati
Ahmed al-Ghamdi: Saudi
Hamza al-Ghamdi: Saudi
Fayez Banihammad: Emirati
Mohand al-Shehri: Saudi
American Airlines Flight 77, Attacked the Pentagon
Hani Hanjour: pilot, Saudi
Majed Moqed: Saudi
Salim al-Hazmi: Saudi
Nawaf al-Hazmi: Saudi
Khalid al-Mihdhar: Saudi
United Airlines Flight 93, Intended to Attack the Capitol, Crashed in Pennsylvania
Ziad Jarrah: pilot, Lebanese
Ahmed al-Nami: Saudi
Ahmad Ibrahim al-Haznawi: Saudi
Saeed al-Ghamdi: Saudi
I N NOVEMBER 2001, on a blustery winter day in Hamburg in northern Germany, a young woman, the wife of one of Mohamed el-Amir Attas old roommates, talked about an image she couldnt get out of her head. When the American war against Afghanistan had started that autumn, when the bombs began falling and people began dying by the score, she would sit in front of her television, staring in disbelief, unable to comprehend that the conflict in a very real sense had been set in motion by her husbands old roommate, Mohamed.
Watching the explosions, she would try to match them, the war, everything that had gone on in the world since September 11, to her memory of the slight young man padding around his student apartment in his shower shoes. It didnt fit. Mohamed was a tough guy to figure and she never liked him, but this, all of this because of Mohamed? Its impossible, she told herself. Not little Mohamed in his blue flip-flops.
There is much about Atta, one of the September 11 hijackers, and his brethren we cant now know. But when a person moves through the world, he leaves a path that can be traced, however faint parts of it may grow. In the Atta traces, the image that lingers is of a man who was far too small to accomplish the huge thing he did. There is something deeply unsatisfying about this. We want our monsters to be outsized, monstrous. We expect them to be somehow equal to their crimes. More than anything, we want them to be extraordinary, to allow us to believe the horrible thing they did is unlikely to be repeated. In its own odd way, this is a comforting thought. When we go looking for people capable of inflicting such great harm, the last thing we expect to find is little Mohamed in his blue flip-flops.
This is, foremost, a reported book about the men who executed the September 11 attacks against the United States. The aim of the reporting was to discover and attempt to understand those men and the places, people, and ideas that shaped them. Not unusually for a large news event, a narrative of the attack and attackers was constructed with astonishing speed: by the end of the first week after the attacks, the central story had been set and the characters cast. The September 11 attackers were caricatured either as evil geniuses or as wild-eyed fanatics. Unfortunately, as is also usual in big news events, much of the initial information was either factually wrong or, more commonly, irrelevant and misconstrued. While there might well be elements of both of these extremes in some of the men, they were largely neither of these things. The intent of this book is to try to come to a better understanding of who these people were, and thereby understand why they did what they did.