This book wouldnt have been possible without the assistance and support of many people. In particular, Im grateful to Jon Butler and Natasha Martin at Macmillan for their guidance and patience during the editing process.
My writing group partners, Sally Richards and Jennifer Donohue, kept my feet to the fire by reading and critiquing drafts of the manuscript every week. Im pretty sure the book would have taken me twice as long to finish if I hadnt known that I had to get pages to them every week on time.
This book was very research intensive, so I owe a great debt to all the librarians (especially those at the University of California San Diego library and the La Mesa Public Library) who unfailingly went out of their way to help me whenever I showed up searching for various strange and obscure titles.
And then there are all the usual suspects who provided the moral support that kept me going through the months of research and writing: my awesome parents (#1 Fan and #1 Handyman), the Palo Alto crowd (Kirsten, Ben, Pippa, and Astrid), Charlie master chef Curzon, Ted coffee break Lyons, Boo the high-maintenance cat, my father-in-law John Walton, who sent good thoughts from South Africa, and most of all my wife Beverley, who kept me oriented toward sanity as I immersed myself deep in the bizarre world of mad scientists.
One: Electric Bodies
ELECTRIFYING BIRDS
Cheney, M. (1981), Tesla: Man Out of Time , Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Driscol, T. E., O. D. Ratnoff, & O. F. Nygaard (1975), The Remarkable Dr. Abildgaard and Countershock, Annals of Internal Medicine , 83: 878 82.
Elsenaar, A., & R. Scha (2002), Electric Body Manipulation as Performance Art: A Historical Perspective, Leonardo Music Journal , 12: 17 28.
Franklin, B., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin . Available online at http://www.franklinpapers.org .
Gray, S. (1735), Experiments and Observations upon the Light that is Produced by Communicating Electrical Attraction to Animal or Inanimate Bodies, Together with Some of its Most Surprising Effects, Philosophical Transactions , 39: 16 24.
Heilbron, J. T. (1982), Elements of Early Modern Physics . Berkeley: University of California Press.
Jex-Blake, A. J. (1913), Death by Electric Currents and by Lightning, The British Medical Journal , 1(2724): 548 52.
Montoya Tena, G., R. Hernandez C., & J. I. Montoya T. (2010), Failures in Outdoor Insulation Caused by Bird Excrement, Electric Power Systems Research , 80: 716 22.
Needham, J. T. (1746), Concerning Some New Electrical Experiments Lately Made at Paris, Philosophical Transactions , 44: 247 63.
Riely, E. G. (2006), Benjamin Franklin and the American Turkey, Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture , 6(4): 19 25.
Schiffer, M. B. (2003), Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment . Berkeley: University of California Press.
Watson, W. (1751), An Account of Mr. Benjamin Franklins Treatise, Lately Published, Philosophical Transactions , 47: 202 11.
Winkler, J. H. (1746), Concerning the Effects of Electricity upon Himself and his Wife, Philosophical Transactions , 44: 211 12.
THE MAN WHO MARRIED HIS VOLTAIC PILE
Christensen, D. C. (1995), The rsted-Ritter Partnership and the Birth of Romantic Natural Philosophy, Annals of Science , 52(2): 153 85.
Deeney, N. (1983), The Romantic Science of J. W. Ritter, The Maynooth Review , 8: 43 59.
Ritter, J. W. (1802), Beytrge zur nhern Kenntniss des Galvanismus und der Resultate seiner Untersuchung, Vol. 2, Jena: Friedrich Frommann.
Strickland, S. W. (1992), Circumscribing science: Johann Wilhelm Ritter and the Physics of Sidereal Man , Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Ph.D. dissertation.
(1998), The Ideology of Self-Knowledge and the Practice of Self-Experimentation, Eighteenth-Century Studies , 31(4): 453 71.
Trommsdorff, J. B. (1803), Geschichte des Galvanismus . Erfurt: Henningschen Buchhandlung.
Trumpler, M. J. (1992), Questioning Nature: Experimental Investigations of Animal Electricity, 1791 1810 , New Haven: Yale University. Ph.D. dissertation.
Wetzels, W. D. (1973), Johann Wilhelm Ritter: Physik im Wirkungsfeld der deutschen Romantik . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
(1990), Johann Wilhelm Ritter: Romantic Physics in Germany, in Cunningham, A., & N. Jardine, eds., Romanticism and the Sciences , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 199 212.
ELECTROCUTING AN ELEPHANT
Brown, H. P. (1888), Death-current Experiments at the Edison Laboratory, The Medico-Legal Journal , 6: 386 9.
Coney Elephant Killed (5 January 1903), New York Times : 1.
Coney Swept by $1,500,000 Fire (29 July 1907), New York Times : 1.
Electrifying Animals: How Monkeys and Elephants Act when under the Influence of a Battery (15 March 1889), Daily Independent (Monroe, WI): 3.
Elephant Skull Dug Up: Luna Park Herd Uneasy while it Remained Buried (7 August 1905), New York Tribune : 5.
Essig, M. (2003), Edison & the Electric Chair , New York: Walker & Company.
Ghost of Elephant Haunts Coney Island (15 February 1904), Evening News (San Jose, CA): 2
McNichol, T. (2006), AC/DC: The Savage Tale of the First Standards War ,
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Moffett, C. (23 June 1895), Elephant Keeping, Los Angeles Times : 26.
FROM ELECTRO-BOTANY TO ELECTRIC SCHOOLCHILDREN
China to Send Pig Sperm to Space (17 July 2005), BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4690651.stm
de la Pea, C. T. (2003), The Body Electric: How Strange Machines Built the Modern American , New York: New York University Press.
Demainbray, S. (1747), Of Experiments in Electricity, The Gentlemans Magazine , 17: 80 1, 102.
Electricity for Children (17 November 1912), Washington Post : M1.
Electricity in Relation to Growth (June 1918), Current Opinion 64(6): 409.
Electricity Makes Chickens Grow Big (18 February 1912), New York Times : C4.
Electrified Chickens: Electricity as a Growth Stimulator (11 October 1913), Scientific American 109(15): 287.
Electrified Schoolroom to Brighten Dull Pupils (18 August 1912), New York Times : SM1.
Novel Application of Electricity (1869), New England Medical Gazette , 4(3): 102 3.
Spence, C. C. (1962), Early Uses of Electricity in American Agriculture, Technology and Culture , 3(2): 142 60.
LIGHTNING, CHURCHES, AND ELECTRIFIED SHEEP
Andrews, C. (1995), Structural Changes after Lightning Strike, with Special Emphasis on Special Sense Orifices as Portals of Entry, Seminars in Neurology , 15(3): 296 303.
Fair Appreciated by Helen Keller (1 November 1939), New York Times : 17.
Friedman, J. S. (2008), Out of the Blue: A History of Lightning Science, Superstition, and Amazing Stories of Survival , New York: Bantam Dell.
Hackmann, W. D. (1989), Scientific Instruments: Models of Brass and Aids to Discovery, in Gooding, D., T. Pinch, & S. Schaffer, eds., The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 31 66.
Henley, W. (1774), Experiments Concerning the Different Efficacy of Pointed and Blunted Rods, in Securing Buildings Against the Stroke of Lightning, Philosophical Transactions 64: 133 52.