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POCKET ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR INDONESIAN SPEAKERS

Concise summary of English grammar rules & usage specifically created for Indonesian Speakers

Amanda Lee

Copyright 2020 Amanda Lee

All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without express written permission of the publisher.

Contents

1 TENSES

Definisi: Perubahan bentuk kata kerja dalam Bahasa Inggris yang menunjukkan kapan terjadinya.

PAST	PRESENT	FUTURE
Simple	Simple	Simple
Continuous	Continuous	Continuous
Perfect	Perfect	Perfect
Perfect Continuous	Perfect Continuous	Perfect Continuous

1.1 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Gunanya : untuk menunjukkan suatu perbuatan/tindakan yang telah terjadi pada waktu tertentu di waktu lampau. Di sini ditekankan saat atau waktu terjadinya perbuatan itu.

Struktur:

(+)	Subject + V-II (ed)	John helped me yesterday.
(-)	Subject + did not + V-I tanpa to	John did not help me yesterday.
(?)	Did + subject + V-I tanpa to	Did John help me yesterday?
(?)	Wh- + did + subject + V-I tanpa to	Who helped Mary? Whom did John help yesterday? When did John help Mary?

Adverb of Time:

1. Yesterday (morning/noon/afternoon/evening/night)
2. The day before yesterday
3. Last (night/Sunday/week/month/year)
4. This morning
5. ago (3 weeks/5 days/2 months/10 years/long time ago)

1.2 THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Gunanya : untuk menunjukkan perbuatan-perbuatan yang:

• terjadi berulang-ulang (repeated actions)
• merupakan kebiasan (habitual actions)
• menunjukkan kemampuan/kepandaian (ability)
• tidak berubah/mutlak (absolute actions)

Struktur:

(+)	(+) Subject + V-I tanpa to	I eat rice everyday. She eats rice everyday.
(-)	Subject + do not/does not + V-I tanpa to	I do not eat rice everyday. She does not eat rice everyday.
(?)	Do/Does + subject + V-I tanpa to	Do you eat rice every day? Does she eat rice every day?
(?)	Wh- + do/does + subject + V-I tanpa to	What do you eat every day? What does she eat every day?

Adverb of time:

1. Every (day/time/night/morning/week/month/year/Sunday)
2. Often
3. Always
4. Usually
5. Sometimes
6. Rarely
7. Never
8. Generally

1.3 THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Gunanya: untuk menunjukkan suatu perbuatan/tindakan yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang.

Struktur:

(+)	Subject + shall/will + V-I tanpa to	John will help Mary tomorrow.
(-)	Subject + shall not/will not + V-I tanpa to	John will not help Mary tomorrow.
(?)	Shall/Will + subject + V-I tanpa to	Will John help Mary tomorrow?
(?)	Wh- + shall/will + subject + V-I tanpa to	Who will help Mary tomorrow?

Catatan:

• Shall: untuk subject I dan We (Old English)
• Will: untuk semua subject (Modern English)

Adverb of Time:

1. Tomorrow (morning/noon/afternoon/night)
2. Tonight
3. The day after tomorrow
4. Next (Sunday/week/month/year)
5. In the future

1.4 THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Gunanya : untuk menunjukkan suatu perbuatan atau tindakan yang sedang terjadi di waktu lampau dan biasanya bersamaan terjadinya dengan perbuatan lain di waktu lampau.

Struktur:

(+)	Subject + was/were + V-ing	She was studying. They were studying.
(-)	Subject + was not/were not + V-ing	She was not studying. They were not studying.
(?)	Was/Were + subject + V-ing	Was she studying? Were they studying?
(?)	Wh- + was/were + subject + V-ing	Where was she studying? What were they studying?

Conjunctions (Kata Sambung):

	While (sementara)	He was working hard while his son was playing
	When (ketika)	I was sleeping when father came home last night
	As (ketika)	Last month, as I was sitting outside

1.5 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Gunanya: untuk menunjukkan suatu perbuatan atau tindakan yang sedang terjadi sekarang pada saat diucapkan.

Struktur:

(+)	Subject + am/is/are + V-ing	I am sleeping. She is studying.
(-)	Subject + am not/is not/are not + V-ing	I am not sleeping. She is not studying.
(?)	Am/Is/Are + subject + V-ing	Are you sleeping? Is she studying?
(?)	Wh- + am/is/are + subject + V-ing	Who is sleeping? What is she studying?

Adverb of Time:

1. Now/ Right now
2. At this moment

1.6 THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Gunanya: untuk menunjukkan suatu perbuatan atau tindakan yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

Struktur:

(+)	Subject + will + be + V-ing
(-)	Subject + will + not + be + V-ing
(?)	Will + subject + be + V-ing?
(?)	Wh- + will + subject + be + V-ing?

Contoh:

1. I will be teaching here at this hour tomorrow.
2. We will be sitting in the classroom at this moment tomorrow.
3. At this hour next Sunday, we will be praying at the church.

1.7 THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

Gunanya: untuk menunjukkan suatu perbuatan atau tindakan yang telah selesai terjadi sebelum perbuatan lain terjadi di waktu lampau (perbuatan yang satu mendahului perbuatan yang lain).

Struktur:

(+)

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