Theberge John B. - The ptarmigans dilemma: an exploration into how life organizes and supports itself

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PROLOGUE
A TWIG IN AN EDDY

The trail winds steeply upslope from valley timber to sunlit alpine meadow. On all sides, the mountains march off into the distance. A marmot whistles, and a mule deer bounds away. There is a wholeness to ecosystems, an order, an interlocking of species, an unaccountable richness, an intricate design without planner, engineer, or architect.

But there is an operating manual.

IN THE SOUTHWEST Y UKON stands Amphitheatre Mountain, a low mountain in comparison with the looming giants to the west. Early in our careers together as wildlife biologists and naturalists, we came to know this mountain well. We often camped there, in summer sunshine and fall snows, because it provided a tundra vantage point to observe woodland caribou whose ecology we were trying to understand. The caribou moved in and out of nearby Kluane National Park, and in those years their numbers had dwindled.

Amphitheatre Mountain features a flat, plateau-like top that can be reached by a stiff climb up its western slope. White Dalls sheep graze its lower flanks, keeping its eastern crags in view as escape terrain, and peregrine falcons use those crags for eyries.

But most significant to our story, the mountain features the remains of a stone forest. One day we watched a golden eagle swoop down and land on a rock protruding from the ground. A rock? It looked more like a stump, but this was treeless tundra. We investigated and found it was a stump petrified. Only then did we realize that many of the rock outcrops around us were actually petrified wood, including the one wed used as our favourite perch. Some of the wood had been transformed into coal; some was an off-white that clearly showed ancient tree rings stained brown.

The stump had been a metasequoia, remnant of a warm, wet forest that grew in the Yukon some 35 million years ago when the land was an inland plain, before the coastal ranges rose. Planet Earth was once believed to be completely stable, but now we know that, on its tumultuous journey through time, its amoeboid surface contorted as mountains rose and eroded away, sea floors appeared and vanished, continents split and drifted apart, rivers were born, carved canyons, and disappeared. And through all its transformations has streamed a panoply of life.

Those fossils, and others we have admired in situ pumice rocks from Washington State etched with 48-million-year-old maple leaves; pieces of Wyoming sandstone with 50-million-year-old fish imbedded in them; chunks of dark red 150-million-year-old petrified wood from Arizona; a coprolite (petrified dung) from the intestines of some unknown coyote-sized early mammal or dinosaur all whisper about a time before humans were around to appreciate, or wonder, or piece together how the self-organization and persistence of life ever came to be. How has life kaleidoscoped through the ages to arrive at what we have today? How, with no endangered species act, no conservation lobby to express outrage at environmental calamities, no environmental policies, did living things struggle through adversity and endow us today with a rich biological inheritance unparalleled in the history of life without planner, engineer, or architect?

This book is a journey of discovery of the ways life adapts, persists, and is able to organize itself at all the different levels of existence, from genes to whole ecosystems, as seen through the eyes and experiences of wildlife ecologists. At each of the levels of lifes organization, novel mechanisms have accompanied new opportunities as life, behaving like a twig in an eddy, has seemingly poked and probed until it found a way to continue its journey. What are the mechanisms? How do they work? And why?

Any good journey leads somewhere, and we found ourselves arriving at several destinations. One is the satisfaction of a holistic view of life, in which some of its mystery has been supplanted by an appreciation of how things work. Another destination is a platform for viewing, participating in, and helping to resolve the plethora of environmental issues that face the world today. The problems are severe, from disappearing species and the consequent impoverishment of life to the instability caused by climate change, pollution by toxic chemicals, and the one force that increasingly dictates a different future for life in all forms us. Other books have delved into the details of particular environmental problems and their possible solutions. Our book attempts to answer the more fundamental, underlying questions and provide a science-based view and comprehension of life. The final destination of our journey is a perspective, a prognosis, for the future of life on Earth.

Our early married life was a time of heightened environmental concern driven by the shocking scenarios described by such writers as Rachel Carson in Silent Spring (1962) and Paul Ehrlich in The Population Bomb (1968). Everyone wanted to be an ecologist in the 1960s. But there was a hole in the environmentalism of the day, an unsettling lack of understanding about the ways life is organized, an absence of any unifying or central concept of how life supports itself. We were like surgeons operating on a heart attack victim without understanding the basic circulatory system. While money poured in for environmental impact assessments, little was made available for basic research to plug that information hole. We, like some of our colleagues, had some disturbing experiences with impact assessments, naively and inadvertently covering for developers who really didnt give a damn about the environment.

But the impact assessments we engaged in, along with the pure research dollars we managed to scrounge, allowed us to experience some superb wild country. So our lives have been sprinkled with experiences that have repeatedly raised the same basic questions: How is lifes marvellous self-organization accomplished? When and why might it fail? What of the future?

Today, scientific knowledge in many fields has accumulated to the point that these questions can be addressed more effectively than was possible in the early days of environmentalism of the 1960s. These are exciting times. Unparalleled advances are changing how we understand the living world. New discoveries are uncovering the ways living things are hooked together (ecology), and the processes that got them there (evolution). Firing them has been an array of technological advances, from computers that allow us to squeeze added meaning out of data, and telemetry that reveals the precise movements of animals, to satellites that map ecosystems from afar.

These are also crucial times. Never before has a population of any species tried to rejig so much of the world to its own ends. The result is unprecedented pressure on the global systems that support life. We need to detect the land mines.