Engr. Michael David - Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms for Beginners : Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy

Michl Dvid ll right rsrvd. N prt f this wrk my b rprducd, strd in rtrivl systm, r trnsmittd in ny frm r mns, lctrnics, mchnicl, phtcpying, rcrding r thrwis withut th prmissin r cknwldgmnt f th uthr. Cntnts Cnclusin Dt Structur nd lgrithms Intrductin Dt Structurs r th prgrmmtic wy f string dt s tht dt cn b usd fficintly. lmst vry ntrpris pplictin uss vrius typs f dt structurs in n r th thr wy. This tutril will giv yu grt undrstnding n Dt Structurs ndd t undrstnd th cmplxity f ntrpris lvl pplictins nd nd f lgrithms, nd dt structurs. Dt Srch Cnsidr n invntry f 1 millin(106) itms f str. Dt Srch Cnsidr n invntry f 1 millin(106) itms f str.

If th pplictin is t srch n itm, it hs t srch n itm in 1 millin(106) itms vry tim slwing dwn th srch. s dt grws, srch will bcm slwr. Prcssr spd Prcssr spd lthugh bing vry high, flls limitd if th dt grws t billin rcrds. Multipl rqusts s thusnds f usrs cn srch dt simultnusly n wb srvr, vn th fst srvr fils whil srching th dt. T slv th bv-mntind prblms, dt structurs cm t rscu. pplictins f Dt Structur nd lgrithms lgrithm is stp-by-stp prcdur, which dfins st f instructins t b xcutd in crtin rdr t gt th dsird utput. lgrithms r gnrlly crtd indpndnt f undrlying lngugs, i.. n lgrithm cn b implmntd in mr thn n prgrmming lngug. n lgrithm cn b implmntd in mr thn n prgrmming lngug.

Frm th dt structur pint f viw, fllwing r sm imprtnt ctgris f lgrithms Srch lgrithm t srch n itm in dt structur. Srt lgrithm t srt itms in crtin rdr. Insrt lgrithm t insrt itm in dt structur. Updt lgrithm t updt n xisting itm in dt structur. Dlt lgrithm t dlt n xisting itm frm dt structur. Th fllwing cmputr prblms cn b slvd using Dt Structurs Fibncci numbr sris Knpsck prblm Twr f Hni ll pir shrtst pth by Flyd-Wrshll Shrtst pth by Dijkstr Prjct schduling This bk is dsignd fr Cmputr Scinc grduts s wll s Sftwr Prfssinls wh r willing t lrn dt structurs nd lgrithm prgrmming in simpl nd sy stps.

Dt Structurs & lgrithms Dt Structur is systmtic wy t rgniz dt in rdr t us it fficintly. Fllwing trms r th fundtin trms f dt structur. Intrfc ch dt structur hs n intrfc. Intrfc rprsnts th st f prtins tht dt structur supprts. n intrfc nly prvids th list f supprtd prtins, typ f prmtrs thy cn ccpt nd rturn typ f ths prtins. Implmnttin Implmnttin prvids th intrnl rprsnttin f dt structur.

Implmnttin ls prvids th dfinitin f th lgrithms usd in th prtins f th dt structur. Chrctristics f Dt Structur Crrctnss Dt structur implmnttin shuld implmnt its intrfc crrctly. Tim Cmplxity Running tim r th xcutin tim f prtins f dt structur must b s smll s pssibl. Spc Cmplxity Mmry usg f dt structur prtin shuld b s littl s pssibl. Nd fr Dt Structur s pplictins r gtting cmplx nd dt rich, thr r thr cmmn prblms tht pplictins fc nw--dys. Dt Srch Cnsidr n invntry f 1 millin(106) itms f str.

If th pplictin is t srch n itm, it hs t srch n itm in 1 millin(106) itms vry tim slwing dwn th srch. s dt grws, srch will bcm slwr. Prcssr spd Prcssr spd lthugh bing vry high, flls limitd if th dt grws t billin rcrds. Multipl rqusts s thusnds f usrs cn srch dt simultnusly n wb srvr, vn th fst srvr fils whil srching th dt. T slv th bv-mntind prblms, dt structurs cm t rscu. xcutin Tim Css Thr r thr css which r usully usd t cmpr vrius dt structur's xcutin tim in rltiv mnnr. Wrst Cs This is th scnri whr prticulr dt structur prtin tks mximum tim it cn tk. Wrst Cs This is th scnri whr prticulr dt structur prtin tks mximum tim it cn tk.

If n prtin's wrst cs tim is (n) thn this prtin will nt tk mr thn (n) tim whr (n) rprsnts functin f n. vrg Cs This is th scnri dpicting th vrg xcutin tim f n prtin f dt structur. If n prtin tks (n) tim in xcutin, thn m prtins will tk m(n) tim. Bst Cs This is th scnri dpicting th lst pssibl xcutin tim f n prtin f dt structur. If n prtin tks (n) tim in xcutin, thn th ctul prtin my tk tim s th rndm numbr which wuld b mximum s (n). Dt Itm Dt itm rfrs t singl unit f vlus. Grup Itms Dt itms tht r dividd int sub itms r clld s Grup Itms. lmntry Itms Dt itms tht cnnt b dividd r clld s lmntry Itms. ttribut nd ntity n ntity is tht which cntins crtin ttributs r prprtis, which my b ssignd vlus. ntity St ntitis f similr ttributs frm n ntity st. Fild Fild is singl lmntry unit f infrmtin rprsnting n ttribut f n ntity. Rcrd Rcrd is cllctin f fild vlus f givn ntity. Fil Fil is cllctin f rcrds f th ntitis in givn ntity st. Fil Fil is cllctin f rcrds f th ntitis in givn ntity st.

Dt Structurs - nvirnmnt Stup Lcl nvirnmnt Stup If yu r still willing t st up yur nvirnmnt fr C prgrmming lngug, yu nd th fllwing tw tls vilbl n yur cmputr, () Txt ditr nd (b) Th C Cmpilr. Txt ditr This will b usd t typ yur prgrm. xmpls f fw ditrs includ Windws Ntpd, S dit cmmnd, Brif, psiln, MCS, nd vim r vi. Th nm nd th vrsin f th txt ditr cn vry n diffrnt prting systms. Fr xmpl, Ntpd will b usd n Windws, nd vim r vi cn b usd n Windws s wll s Linux r UNIX. Th fils yu crt with yur ditr r clld surc fils nd cntin prgrm surc cd.

Th surc fils fr C prgrms r typiclly nmd with th xtnsin " .c". Bfr strting yur prgrmming, mk sur yu hv n txt ditr in plc nd yu hv nugh xprinc t writ cmputr prgrm, sv it in fil, cmpil it, nd finlly xcut it. Th C Cmpilr Th surc cd writtn in th surc fil is th humn rdbl surc fr yur prgrm. It nds t b "cmpild", t turn int mchin lngug s tht yur CPU cn ctully xcut th prgrm s pr th givn instructins. This C prgrmming lngug cmpilr will b usd t cmpil yur surc cd int finl xcutbl prgrm. W ssum yu hv th bsic knwldg but prgrmming lngug cmpilr.

Mst frquntly usd nd fr vilbl cmpilr is GNU C/C++ cmpilr. thrwis, yu cn hv cmpilrs ithr frm HP r Slris if yu hv rspctiv prting Systms (S). Th fllwing sctin guids yu n hw t instll GNU C/C++ cmpilr n vrius S. W r mntining C/C++ tgthr bcus GNU GCC cmpilr wrks fr bth C nd C++ prgrmming lngugs. Instlltin n UNIX/Linux If yu r using Linux r UNIX, thn chck whthr GCC is instlld n yur systm by ntring th fllwing cmmnd frm th cmmnd lin $ gcc -v If yu hv GNU cmpilr instlld n yur mchin, thn it shuld print mssg such s th fllwing Using built-in spcs. Trgt: i386-rdht-linux Cnfigurd with: ../cnfigur --prfix = /usr .......

Thrd mdl: psix gcc vrsin 4.1.2 20080704 (Rd Ht 4.1.2-46) If GCC is nt instlld, thn yu will hv t instll it yurslf using th dtild instructins vilbl t https://gcc.gnu.rg/instll/ This tutril hs bn writtn bsd n Linux nd ll th givn xmpls hv bn cmpild n Cnt S flvr f Linux systm. Instlltin n Mc S If yu us Mc S X, th sist wy t btin GCC is t dwnld th Xcd dvlpmnt nvirnmnt frm ppl's wbsit nd fllw th simpl instlltin instructins. nc yu hv Xcd stup, yu will b bl t us GNU cmpilr fr C/C++. Xcd is currntly vilbl t dvlpr.ppl.cm/tchnlgis/tls/ Instlltin n Windws T instll GCC n Windws, yu nd t instll MinGW. T instll MinGW, g t th MinGW hmpg, www.mingw.rg, nd fllw th link t th MinGW dwnld pg. Dwnld th ltst vrsin f th MinGW instlltin prgrm, which shuld b nmd MinGW-.x.

Whil instlling MinWG, t minimum, yu must instll gcc-cr, gcc-g++, binutils, nd th MinGW runtim, but yu my wish t instll mr. dd th bin subdirctry f yur MinGW instlltin t yur PTH nvirnmnt vribl, s tht yu cn spcify ths tls n th cmmnd lin by thir simpl nms. Whn th instlltin is cmplt, yu will b bl t run gcc, g++, r, rnlib, dlltl, nd svrl thr GNU tls frm th Windws cmmnd lin. Dt Structurs - lgrithms Bsics lgrithm is stp-by-stp prcdur, which dfins st f instructins t b xcutd in crtin rdr t gt th dsird utput. lgrithms r gnrlly crtd indpndnt f undrlying lngugs, i.. n lgrithm cn b implmntd in mr thn n prgrmming lngug.

Frm th dt structur pint f viw, fllwing r sm imprtnt ctgris f lgrithms Srch lgrithm t srch n itm in dt structur. Srt lgrithm t srt itms in crtin rdr. Insrt lgrithm t insrt itm in dt structur. Updt lgrithm t updt n xisting itm in dt structur.