Jeffrey Kluger - Disaster Strikes!

To the Moon!

INTRODUCTION

TRAVELING IN SPACE might be the most thrilling thing a human being can dounless, of course, it turns out to be the most horrifying. Just as often, it can wind up being both.

There has never been any form of exploration or travel that is entirely safe. Danger and even death lurk in the crack-up of a car, in the crash of an airplane, in the slow-motion disaster of a sinking ship. Climb a mountain, paddle along a river, merely hike a trail in an unfamiliar wilderness and you expose yourself to at least some kind of risk.

Space is different, though, because space is a place we were not meant to be. Even when youre miles above the ground in a million-pound airplane hurtling along at 500 miles per hour, youre still within the skin of the atmosphere, still contained by the bio-dome of the world, where there is air and water and warmth and life. In space, all thats missing. Its a place of hard vacuum, of killing cold, of blistering radiation. Its a place that cant be reached at all without giant machines that carry millions of pounds of explosive fuel and are able to reach speeds in the tens of thousands of miles per hour.

Thats not easy. Thats not safe. And that can cost lives.

Since 1961, when Yuri Gagarin, a Russian cosmonaut, became the first human being in space, orbiting the Earth in his Vostok 1 spacecraft, more than 500 people have followed him aloft on more than 300 different missions. Nine of those missions flew to the moon, carrying twenty-four different Americans, twelve of whom walked on the lunar surface.

Every single one of those astronauts or cosmonautsor taikonauts, too, now that China has begun its own human space programhas gone aloft knowing the risks involved. But all of them have gone aloft mindful of the singular splendor of the journey, too.

Its not just the weightlessnessthe sudden ability to fly, after a lifetime spent as an earthbound creaturethough thats a lot of fun. And its not just the viewthe sight of the Earth far below and the vast vault of space above, the stars brilliant, white and strangely untwinkling, since there is no intervening atmosphere to distort the view.

Its the sense of doing something improbable, of touching something untouchable, of being a pioneer. We think nothing of spending twelve hours in an airplane traveling 7,000 miles between New York and Beijing, but we recall in admiration and wonder the twelve-second, 120-foot powered flight that Orville and Wilbur Wright achieved on December 17, 1903, because Orville and Wilbur Wright went first. One day we may all get to take vacation trips to the moon, but they will mean nothing compared to the mere eighty-eight minutes Gagarin spent aloft on his single orbit of the Earth.

Its that sense of going first, of walking point for the whole human species, that drives the men and women who take the risk of flying in space. I once asked Pete Conrad, the commander of Apollo 12 and the third person to walk on the moon, if he was at least a little anxious the entire time he was on the lunar surface, aware that if the engine of his lunar module didnt fire as it was supposed to and get him back into space, hed be marooned forever. Nah, he answered. I was a happy guy on the moon.

I once similarly asked Jim Lovell, who went to space four times, including two trips to the moon, on Apollo 8 and Apollo 13, if on the last night he was home before all of those trips, he didnt look around his living room and think, Wow, if something goes wrong, Ill never see this house again. His answer: No. If you thought that way, you wouldnt go.

So the men and women who go to space dont think that wayor if they do, they learn ways to shake off those thoughts and to press on with their mission. That, of course, doesnt mean things wont go wrong. That doesnt mean the explorers wont face danger. And that doesnt mean that the risk doesnt exist that they will indeed never see their homes again.

There have been many harrowing moments in the long history of human space flight, especially in the earliest years, when the United States and the Soviet Unionthe former Russian empirewere competing to be the first nation to put a human being on the moon. The two countries were the worlds greatest superpowers and were also bitter rivals. Both were also in possession of thousands of fearsome nuclear weapons, which made the stakes of their rivalry potentially deadly.

The race to the moon was a peaceful way for that competition to play out, but it was still a dangerous game to play. The rushing sometimes made both countries recklesscutting corners, breaking rules that good engineers and flight planners normally wouldnt breakand they sometimes paid a terrible price for that. Even when the space race was won, however, even in the modern era, when traveling to Earth orbit has come to seem routine, the dangers remain. Space doesnt change just because we think were familiar with it, that weve gotten good at visiting it. And the dangers that lurk there dont change, either.

There is no way of saying with certainty what the scariest, most dangerous, most heart-stopping missions have been out of the 300-plus that have been flown in the past six decades. But the dozen missions whose stories are told in these chapters are awfully good candidates. There will be many more human space flights to comeincluding ones that may take us back to the moon and eventually to Mars. And there may be other emergencies and tragedies to rival these twelve.