Hourly History - The Renaissance: A History From Beginning to End
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During the Middle Ages, the nations of Europe forged new identities that moved them away from the lost glory of the Roman Empire into their own ethnicity. The experience of maturation was often clumsy and out of step, an evolutionary process that saw the nations developing at their own pace as they struggled to replace the protection of Rome with their own home-grown strength. What the nations, once they were ready to be described in that manner, did have was the Roman Catholic Church, which defined itself as the spiritual protector of Christian believers. But the dutiful Christians of the Middle Ages who sought orthodoxy and for the most part obeyed the papal rules underwent a change when the Middle Ages ended. The Renaissance, or rebirth, was a period of time when Europeans began to question what they had been told was sacrosanct. Through art, inventions, science, literature, and theology, the separate nations of the European continent sought answers that the Roman Catholic Church was unwilling, or perhaps unable, to offer.
Inside you will read about...
The Church that had become a powerful political entity was viewed with distrust and skepticism by many Christians; the spread of learning that accompanied the invention of Gutenbergs printing press meant that bold new ideas were traveling across the boundaries of Europe faster than the Church could silence them. Lascivious, power-brokering popes could not bring a halt to the challenges they encountered when a German priest rebelled against corrupt practices that masqueraded as ecclesiastical authority. As the walls came tumbling down, humanism burst forth, inspiring the art of Michelangelo, the science of Vesalius, the literature of Shakespeare and Cervantes. But with the loss of religious uniformity came terrible conflicts: France suffered the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre; Spain welcomed the Inquisition to purge heresy; the Low Countries were split between Catholic and Protestant. The Renaissance was a triumph of the human spirit and a confirmation of human ability, even as it affirmed the willingness of men and women to die for the right to think freely.
During the Middle Ages, the nations of Europe forged new identities that moved them away from the lost glory of the Roman Empire into their own ethnicity. The experience of maturation was often clumsy and out of step, an evolutionary process that saw the nations developing at their own pace as they struggled to replace the protection of Rome with their own home-grown strength. What the nations, once they were ready to be described in that manner, did have was the Roman Catholic Church, which defined itself as the spiritual protector of Christian believers. But the dutiful Christians of the Middle Ages who sought orthodoxy and for the most part obeyed the papal rules underwent a change when the Middle Ages ended. The Renaissance, or rebirth, was a period of time when Europeans began to question what they had been told was sacrosanct. Through art, inventions, science, literature, and theology, the separate nations of the European continent sought answers that the Roman Catholic Church was unwilling, or perhaps unable, to offer.
Inside you will read about...
- The Rebirth of Europe
- The Italian Renaissance
- The French Renaissance
- The Spanish Renaissance
- The German Renaissance
- The Low Countries Renaissance
- The English Renaissance
- Here Be Dragons: Exploring the Unknown
The Church that had become a powerful political entity was viewed with distrust and skepticism by many Christians; the spread of learning that accompanied the invention of Gutenbergs printing press meant that bold new ideas were traveling across the boundaries of Europe faster than the Church could silence them. Lascivious, power-brokering popes could not bring a halt to the challenges they encountered when a German priest rebelled against corrupt practices that masqueraded as ecclesiastical authority. As the walls came tumbling down, humanism burst forth, inspiring the art of Michelangelo, the science of Vesalius, the literature of Shakespeare and Cervantes. But with the loss of religious uniformity came terrible conflicts: France suffered the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre; Spain welcomed the Inquisition to purge heresy; the Low Countries were split between Catholic and Protestant. The Renaissance was a triumph of the human spirit and a confirmation of human ability, even as it affirmed the willingness of men and women to die for the right to think freely.
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THE RENAISSANCE
A History From Beginning to End
Copyright 2016 by Hourly History
All rights reserved.
Table of Contents
How Art, Science, Technology, and Religion Helped Europe Deliver a Rebirth of the Human Spirit
The Middle Ages saw Europe forge a new identity as a collection of individual nations, no longer part of the fallen Roman Empire, that developed their own ethnic character.
During the Middle Ages, the nations of Europe forged new identities that moved them away from the lost glory of the Roman Empire into their own ethnicity. The experience of maturation was often clumsy and out of step, an evolutionary process that saw the nation's developing at their own pace as they struggled to replace the protection of Rome with their own home-grown strength. What the nations, once they were ready to be described in that manner, did have was the Roman Catholic Church, which defined itself as the spiritual protector of Christian believers. But the dutiful Christians of the Middle Ages who sought orthodoxy and for the most part obeyed the papal rules underwent a change when the Middle Ages ended. The Renaissance, or rebirth, was a period of time when Europeans began to question what they had been told was sacrosanct. Through art, inventions, science, literature, and theology, the separate nations of the European continent sought answers that the Roman Catholic Church was unwilling, or perhaps unable, to offer. The Church that had become a powerful political entity was viewed with distrust and skepticism by many Christians; the spread of learning that accompanied the invention of Gutenbergs printing press meant that bold new ideas were traveling across the boundaries of Europe faster than the Church could silence them. Lascivious, power-brokering popes could not bring a halt to the challenges they encountered when a German priest rebelled against corrupt practices that masqueraded as ecclesiastical authority. As the walls came tumbling down, humanism burst forth, inspiring the art of Michelangelo, the science of Vesalius, the literature of Shakespeare and Cervantes. But with the loss of religious uniformity came terrible conflicts: France suffered the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre; Spain welcomed the Inquisition to purge heresy; the Low Countries were split between Catholic and Protestant. The Renaissance was a triumph of the human spirit and a confirmation of human ability, even as it affirmed the willingness of men and women to die for the right to think freely.
Chapter One
The Rebirth of Europe
During the Middle Ages, unquestioning faith was the order of the day, and questions had little place in society. But those questions which had been dormant before the Renaissance suddenly burst forth to interpret a new lexicon of observations that would lead to answers based on fact rather than faith. The physical world excited brilliant minds who engaged in experimentation to answer the unsolved mysteries of nature. Leonardo da Vinci did not confine his abilities to his art brush: he studied the anatomy of the human body, not simply as an artist, but by dissecting cadavers, an act forbidden by the Roman Catholic Church. His creativity could not be contained by canvas, as he foretold the future of war by designing machines that could fly and sail underwater. For da Vinci, it was not enough to see what was there; he envisioned what could be there in times to come.
How did Galileo learn that objects fall at the same rate of acceleration? He dropped cannon balls of varying sizes from the top of a building. How did he determine that the Earth was not the center of the universe, and that the Earth, along with the other planets, paid homage to the sun by revolving around it? He built a telescope that proved his premise. His bold discovery, which contradicted the teachings of the Church and its view that the Earth was the center of the universe, brought him into conflict with the Church hierarchy, earning him the label of heretic and a sentence of house arrest because he would not recant his belief. But how could he? The telescope had shown him the truth.
Learning, which once had been doled out in small, rationed doses to a privileged few because it could not be disseminated to many was, in the Renaissance, accelerated. Thats because in 1440, Johannes Gutenberg invented the mechanical moving type printing press that could print books quickly, in comparison to the laborious copying process which had confined the sharing of knowledge. Machines began to do the work that had depended on human labor and as men and women gained precious hours, their interest in literacy and learning could grow. But as the Renaissance would demonstrate, learning was a double-edged sword because with knowledge came questions that the Church could not answer and would not tolerate. The Inquisition would address the problem of questions which violated the teachings of the Church and instead of becoming martyrs, the Church would create them.
Chapter Two
The Italian Renaissance
Once upon a time, Rome was an Empire and the lands it contained were regional entities which had pre-imperial pasts followed by inclusion within the Empire, a status generally achieved by the power of the Roman legions but which was eventually accepted by the subject nations. Then Rome fell and the nations, untethered to a central authority, were obliged to discern for themselves who they were as part of the Europe.
For most of Europe, the cities were important, but subordinate to the countries in which they were located. Italy reversed that process with independent city-states. The Papal States, located in Rome and the northeastern Italian peninsula, were ostensibly the church hierarchy entrusted with the care of the spiritual domain, but in truth they were powerful administrators intent on expanding their political base. Venice and Florence were republics that were controlled by nobles and budding capitalists with wealth that arose from trade rather than family inheritance. Naples was a kingdom and Milan was a duchy. There was no illusion that, collectively, they were Italy, but in their own right, they held sway over commerce, trade, arts, and power in Europe.
Wealth was changing the demographic of power. The bankers were not aristocrats, but their acquisition of wealth meant that wealth was being redistributed. From a time when power was based on the ownership of land by the wellborn, commercial advances saw wealth shift to people who did not have a pedigree of birth. The bankers had the money and the nobility needed it. The nobles were not accustomed to having to preserve their acquisitions or to acquire more, and they relied on banking loans to fund their wars and their lifestyles. By the end of the 15th century, the nobles who had defaulted on their loans had lost their wealth to the commercial powers. A new power structure was forming.
Approximately one-fourth to one-third of the population was poor. There were also slaves during this time, the first attempt in post-classical Europe to consider slavery as an economic option. Merchants and tradespeoplesmall businessmen in todays lexiconwere the next layer of social strata, beneath the bankers who were beginning to emerge as power brokers because of their control of wealth and their support of capitalism. On the top of the social structure were the traditional nobility class and the merchant class that dominated the cities.
The brilliant minds of the Renaissance rediscovered their ancient roots and with the rebirth of interest in Greek and Roman learning, the Renaissance, rooting itself in its lost heritage, built a new philosophy which bypassed the ecclesiastical formula of asceticism to discover worldly pleasures: beauty and the intellect became the new lodestars of a population that looked to its own talents and awareness to define the world.
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