VOLTAIRE, born Franois-Marie Arouet in Paris in 1694, was educated by Jesuits at the Collge le Grand. Increasingly dissatisfied with much of French society, he expressed his displeasure by satirizing many rich and powerful Frenchmen, despite his own love of the pomp that accompanied power and money. For mocking the regent, he was imprisoned in the Bastille in 1717, where he wrote his first tragedy, Oedipe (1718). He was released after two years. Sent there again in 1726, he was soon paroled on condition that he leave France.
Voltaire spent the next three years exiled in England, where he met Pope, Congreve, and Swift, and developed a great admiration for the English. He continued to study French society from abroad and to condemn its corruption. His observations on France and England were published after his return to France in 1729. Letters Concerning the English Nation (1734) caused such an uproar for its recommendation of the English system over the French that he was forced to flee Paris.
After his escape, Voltaire settled in Lorraine with a young woman of learning, Madame du Chtelet, who encouraged Voltaire's literary efforts. While in her company, he began work on one of his most noted works, Le Sicle de Louis XIV (1751), several historical tragedies, and a translation of Newton's Principia.
After Madame du Chtelet's death in 1749, Voltaire moved to Berlin, where he served as chamberlain to Frederick II of Prussia; again, he was forced to flee after a falling out with the king. In 1753 he moved to a French estate outside Geneva, at Ferney, and settled there with his niece. It was here that Voltaire completed his most acrid, satirical, and famous work, Candide (1759). In 1764 Voltaire's major philosophical work, the massive Dictionaire Philosophique, was published. After many years he returned triumphantly to Paris in 1778 and was awarded a laurel wreath at the theater where his hugely successful play Irene was being performed. Voltaire never left Paris again: he died there on May 30, 1778.
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