THEOXFORDHANDBOOKOFATHEISMTHEOXFORDHANDBOOKOFATHEISMEditedbySTEPHENBULLIVANTandMICHAELRUSE GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversitysobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries OxfordUniversityPress2013 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2013 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxford UniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththe appropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescope oftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013948263 ISBN9780199644650 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,cr04yy LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. CONTENTS STEPHENBULLIVANTANDMICHAELRUSE STEPHENBULLIVANT T.J.MAWSON A.C.GRAYLING GRAHAMOPPY MICHAELL.PETERSON ERIKJ.WIELENBERG KIMBERLYA.BLESSING BRIANDAVIES DAVIDSEDLEY MARKEDWARDS DOROTHEAWELTECKE DENISJ.-J.ROBICHAUD ALANCHARLESKORS DAVIDNASH CALLUMG.BROWN THOMASZENK STEPHENLAW ALISONSTONE PETERTHOMPSON CHARLESPIGDEN JACQUESBERLINERBLAU ANDREWSKILTON ANNEVALLELY JESSICAFRAZIER MICHAELRUSE TANEREDIS DAVIDP.BARASH VICTORJ.STENGER FRANKL.PASQUALEANDBARRYA.KOSMIN MIGUELFARIAS JONATHANA.LANMAN PHILZUCKERMAN MELANIEELYSEBREWSTER KARENHWANG RALPHW.HOODJR.ANDZHUOCHEN ARIELAKEYSARANDJUHEMNAVARRO-RIVERA LOISLEE RYANT.CRAGUN,JOSEPHH.HAMMER,ANDJESSEM.SMITH IRENABOROWIK,BRANKOANI,ANDRADOSAWTYRAA SAMULISCHIELKE JOHANNESQUACK SARAHWHYLLY BERNARDSCHWEIZER J.SAGEELWELL PAULA.BERTAGNOLLI NINAPOWER Itneedhardlybesaidthatavolumesuchasthisistheworkofmanypeople.Chiefamongthem,we wouldliketothankallthoseatOxfordUniversityPresswhohaveassistedsoablyinbringingthis Handbooktofruition.TomPerridgeandLizzieRobottom,inparticular,havebeenunfailingand indefatigableintheirencouragement,assistance,andall-roundcheerinesssincetheideawasfirst mootedinearly2010.WehavealsobeenblessedwithawonderfulteamofcopyeditorsatNewgen, ledbySathyanarayanamoorthySridharan,whoseexcellenceandefficiencyareimplicitineverypage. Whilenotwithoutitsrewards,editingabookofthissizeandscopeisalongandtime-stealing process.Ourownsleepandsanitynotwithstanding,themajorlosersherehavebeenourfriendsand family.Assuch,wewouldlikepubliclytothankthemallandespeciallyLizzieRuse,andJoand GraceBullivantfortheirclemencyandforbearance. Thisbookcontainsforty-sixseparatechapters,andthelaboursoffifty-fiveindividualcontributors. Ithasbeenapleasuretoworkwitheachandeveryoneofthem.Itisanhonourtobepresentingtheir cumulativeendeavourtotheworld.Thankstothemall.
Finally,twonamesaremissingfromourcontentslist.TheBritishsociologistPeterB.Clarkeand theAmericanphilosopherPaulKurtzwereamongthefirstscholarswesigneduptocontributetothe Handbook.Sadly,neitherlivedlongenoughtogracethesepageswiththeirwisdomandinsightat least,notdirectly.Wethereforededicate TheOxfordHandbookofAtheismtoPeterandPaul. BrankoAniisasociologistworkingattheInstituteforSocialResearchinZagreb,Croatia.Heis currentlycompletingaPhDthesisontherelationshipbetweenreligionandhealth,specificallywithin thecontextofreligiouscommunityasasocialresourcesignificantforanindividualshealth. DavidP.BarashholdsaPhDinzoologyandisProfessorofPsychologyattheUniversityof Washington,Seattle.HeisFellowoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceand theauthorofnumerousresearcharticlesand32books,mostrecently HomoMysterious:EvolutionaryPuzzlesofHumanNature. JacquesBerlinerblauisAssociateProfessorandDirectoroftheProgramforJewishCivilizationin theEdmundA.WalshSchoolofForeignServiceatGeorgetownUniversity.Hismostrecentbookis HowtoBeSecular:ACalltoArmsforReligiousFreedom. PaulA.Bertagnolli,AssociateProfessorofMusicologyattheUniversityofHoustonsMoores SchoolofMusic,haspublishedarticlesin 19th-CenturyMusic,the JournalofMusicology,the JournaloftheAmericanLisztSociety,andvariousconferenceproceedingsandeditedcollections.Hisinterest inmusicalatheismstemsfromhisstudyofacantatabyC.HubertH.Parry,includedin PrometheusinMusic:RepresentationsoftheMythintheRomanticEra. IrenaBorowik,ProfessoratJagiellonianUniversity,Poland,isasociologistofreligioninthe InstituteofSociologyandhasbeenpresidentofNomosPublishingHousesince1991.Sheis interestedintheoreticalandmethodologicalproblemsofthesociologyofreligion,religiouschange inpost-communistcountries,andinthereligiosityofEuropeansocieties. MelanieElyseBrewsterisAssistantProfessorofPsychologyandEducationatColumbiaUniversity, andisworkingonseveralprojectsregardingexperiencesofworkplacediscriminationamong LGBTQpopulations,aswellasprojectsonidentitydevelopmentandcomingoutasatheist.Sheis authorof AtheistsinAmerica. CallumG.BrownisProfessorofLateModernEuropeanHistoryattheUniversityofGlasgow,and theauthorof11books,including TheDeathofChristianBritainand,mostrecently, ReligionandtheDemographicRevolution:WomenandSecularisationinCanada,Ireland,UKandUSAsincethe1960s. StephenBullivantisSeniorLecturerinTheologyandEthicsatStMarysUniversityCollege, Twickenham,UK.Hehasbeenadirectoroftheinternationalandinterdisciplinary NonreligionandSecularityResearchNetwork( )sinceitsinceptionin2008,andistheauthoroftwo books: TheSalvationofAtheistsandCatholicDogmaticTheologyand FaithandUnbelief. ZhuoChenholdsaMaster sdegreefromtheUniversityofTennesseeatChattanoogaandis currentlyinthedoctoralpsychologyprogrammeattheUniversityofOregon.Hehaspublished severalarticlesinthepsychologyofreligion. RyanT.CragunisAssociateProfessorofSociologyattheUniversityofTampa.Hisresearch focusesonthenonreligious,secularization,andMormonism. BrianDaviesisDistinguishedProfessorofPhilosophy,FordhamUniversity,NY,andHonorary Professor,FacultyofPhilosophyandTheology,AustralianCatholicUniversity.Hispublications include TheThoughtofThomasAquinas;ThomasAquinasonGodandEvil;and,co-editedwith EleonoreStump, TheOxfordHandbookofAquinas. TanerEdisisProfessorofPhysicsatTrumanStateUniversity,Kirksville,MO.Hehasaclose interestinthehistoryandphilosophyofscienceandtherelationshipofscienceandreligion, particularlyIslam.Hisbooksinclude TheGhostinTheUniverse:GodinLightofModernScienceand AnIllusionofHarmony:ScienceandReligioninIslam. MarkEdwardsholdsadoctorateinclassicsfromtheUniversityofOxford,andhasbeenfortwenty yearsLecturerinPatristicTheologyatthesameinstitution. J.SageElwellisAssistantProfessorofReligion,Art,andVisualCultureatTexasChristian University.Heisauthorof CrisisofTranscendence:ATheologyofDigitalArtandCulture.Healso writesintheareasofsufferingandembodiment,theaestheticsofatrocity,religionandfilm,and atheismandtheartsandworksasanartistindigitalmedia,photography,andbookart. MiguelFariasspecializesinthepsychologyofbeliefs.Hehasconductedexperimentswithreligious andatheistpopulationsinavarietyofsettings,includingbrainimaginglaboratories,pilgrimage sites,andprisons.HelivesandlecturesinOxford.
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