Martin Bernal - Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization Volume I

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Praise for Black Athena

A monumental and pathbreaking work.

Edward Said

Black Athena is a powerfully written and brilliantly researched book that relentlessly unveils the historical and cultural African origins of Western civilization. Still a must-read for all those in search of truth.

Ama Mazama, professor and chair, Department of African American Studies, Temple University

Martin Bernals Black Athena is nothing short of a monumental achievement in scholarship that reoriented and transformed serious study of ancient civilizations. It remains a soaring accomplishment of classical erudition of the Afroasiatic foundation of Greek history.

Molefi Kete Asante, author of The History of Africa ; professor, Department of Africology, Temple University

Colossal. Bernal aims to revise current understanding of Ancient Middle Eastern history by taking seriously the ancient Greeks legends that portrayed much in their civilization as originating in the Middle East, especially Egypt.

New York Times Book Review

[Martin Bernal] has forced scholars to reexamine the roots of Western civilization.

Newsweek

Demands to be taken seriously. Every page that Bernal writes is educating and enthralling. To agree with all his thesis may be a sign of naivety, but not to have spent time in his company is a sign of nothing at all.

Times Literary Supplement

In a spectacular undertaking, Martin Bernal sets out to restore the credibility of what he calls the Ancient Model of the beginnings of Greek civilizations. Bernal makes an exotic interloper in Classical studies. He comes to them with two outstanding gifts: a remarkable flair for the sociologyperhaps one should say politicsof knowledge, and a formidable linguistic proficiency. The story told by Bernal, with many fascinating twists and turns and quite a few entertaining digressions, is a critical inquiry into a large part of the European imagination a retrospect of ingenious and often sardonic erudition.

Perry Anderson, The Guardian

A work which has much to offer the lay reader, and its multidisciplinary sweep is refreshing: it is an important contribution to historiography and the sociology of knowledge, written with elegance, wit, and self-awareness a thrilling journey his account is as gripping a tale of scholarly detection and discovery as one could hope to find.

Margaret Drabble, The Observer

Bernals material is fascinating, his mind is sharp, and his analyses convince.

Richard Jenkyns, Times Higher Educational Supplement

A formidable work of intellectual history, one that demonstrates that the politics of knowledge is never far from national politics.

Christian Science Monitor

An astonishing work, breathtakingly bold in conception and passionately written salutary, exciting, and, in its historiographical aspects, convincing.

G. W. Bowersock, Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Bernals work and the stir it has occasioned have caused ancient historians and archaeologists to undertake a major reexamination of methods and motives.

Robert L. Pounder, American Historical Review

His book should be welcome to both classicists and ancient historians, most of whom will, now at least, be inclined to agree with him.

R. A. McNeal, Franklin and Marshall College

[Bernals] multifaceted assault on academic complacency is an important contribution to the development of a more open, historical, and culturally oriented post-processual archaeology.

Current Anthropology

A breathtaking panoply of archaeological artifacts, texts, and myths.

Toronto Star

Bernals enterprisehis attack on the Aryan model and his promotion of a new paradigmwill profoundly mark the next centurys perception of the origins of Greek civilization and the role of Ancient Egypt.

Transition

Challenges the racism implicit in the recent cultural literacy movement.

Socialist Review

Martin Bernal has managed to make the subject of Ancient Greece both popular and controversial.

Baltimore Sun

A serious work that deals in a serious way with many of the principal issues of Aegean history in the second millennium BC, and one can ask little more of any historical work.

Classic Philology

OTHER VOLUMES BY MARTIN BERNAL

BLACK ATHENA

The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization

VOLUME II

The Archaeological and Documentary Evidence

BLACK ATHENA

The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization

VOLUME III

The Linguistic Evidence

Black Athena

Black Athena

The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization

VOLUME 1

The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 17851985

Martin Bernal

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS

NEW BRUNSWICK, CAMDEN, AND NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, AND LONDON

Reprint edition 2020

ISBN 978-1-9788-0426-5 (pbk.)

ISBN 978-1-9788-0712-9 (cloth)

First published in the United States by

Rutgers University Press, 1987

First published in Great Britain by

Free Association Books, 1987

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bernal, Martin

Black Athena.

(The fabrication of ancient Greece, 17851985; v. 1)

Bibliography: p. Includes index

1. GreeceCivilizationEgyptian influences.

2. GreeceCivilizationPhoenician influences.

3. GreeceCivilizationTo 146 B.C. 1. Title.

II. Title: Afroasiatic roots of classical civilization.

III. Series: Bernal, Martin. Fabrication of ancient

Greece, 17851985; v. 1.

DF78.B398 1987 949.5 8716408

ISBN o-8135-1276-x

ISBN o-8135-1277-8 (pbk.)

Copyright Martin Bernal 1987

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, 106 Somerset Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901. The only exception to this prohibition is fair use as defined by U.S. copyright law.

The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.

www.rutgersuniversitypress.org

Manufactured in the United States of America

To the memory of my father, John Desmond Bernal, who taught me that things fit together, interestingly

Contents

The story behind Black Athena is long, complicated and, I believe, sufficiently interesting as a study in the sociology of knowledge to deserve extended treatment; thus I can give only a brief outline of it here. I was trained in Chinese studies; for almost twenty years I taught about China and carried out research on both intellectual relations between China and the West at the turn of the 20th century and contemporary Chinese politics. After 1962, I became increasingly concerned with the war in Indo-China, and in the virtual absence of any serious scholarship on Vietnamese culture in Britain, I felt obliged to study it. This was both to contribute to the movement against the American repression there, and for its own sake as a fascinating and extremely attractive civilization that was at the same time both thoroughly mixed and entirely distinctive. Thus in many ways Vietnam and Japanwhose history I had also studiedhave served as my models for Greece.

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