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Victoria E. Bynum - The Free State of Jones, Movie Edition: Mississippi’s Longest Civil War

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Victoria E. Bynum The Free State of Jones, Movie Edition: Mississippi’s Longest Civil War
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Between late 1863 and mid-1864, an armed band of Confederate deserters battled Confederate cavalry in the Piney Woods region of Jones County, Mississippi. Calling themselves the Knight Company after their captain, Newton Knight, they set up headquarters in the swamps of the Leaf River, where they declared their loyalty to the U.S. government. The story of the Jones County rebellion is well known among Mississippians, and debate over whether the county actually seceded from the state during the war has smoldered for more than a century. Adding further controversy to the legend is the story of Newt Knights interracial romance with his wartime accomplice, Rachel, a slave. From their relationship there developed a mixed-race community that endured long after the Civil War had ended, and the ambiguous racial identity of their descendants confounded the rules of segregated Mississippi well into the twentieth century.Victoria Bynum traces the origins and legacy of the Jones County uprising from the American Revolution to the modern civil rights movement. In bridging the gap between the legendary and the real Free State of Jones, she shows how the legend--what was told, what was embellished, and what was left out--reveals a great deal about the Souths transition from slavery to segregation; the racial, gender, and class politics of the period; and the contingent nature of history and memory.In a new afterword, Bynum updates readers on recent scholarship, current issues of race and Southern heritage, and the coming movie that make this Civil War story essential reading. The Free State of Jones film, starring Matthew McConaughey, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, and Keri Russell, will be released in May 2016.

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The Free State of Jones The Free State of Jones Mississippis Longest Civil - photo 1

The Free State of Jones

The Free State of Jones: Mississippis Longest Civil War

VICTORIA E. BYNUM

with a new afterword by the author

THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS

CHAPEL HILL

2001, 2016 The University of North Carolina Press

All rights reserved

Manufactured in the United States of America

Designed by April Leidig-Higgins

Set in Joanna

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.

ISBN 978-1-4696-2705-2 (pbk: alk. paper)

ISBN 978-1-4696-2706-9 (ebook)

The Library of Congress has cataloged the original edition of this book as follows:

Bynum, Victoria E. The free state of Jones: Mississippis longest civil war / by Victoria E. Bynum. p. cm.(The Fred W. Morrison series in southern studies) Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index.

1. Jones County (Miss.)History19th century. 2. Jones County (Miss.)Social conditions 19th century. 3. Military desertersMississippiJones CountyHistory19th century. 4. Unionists (United States Civil War)MississippiJones County. 5. MississippiHistoryCivil War, 18611865Social aspects. 6. United StatesHistoryCivil War, 18611865Social aspects. 7. Knight family. 8. Racially mixed people MississippiJones CountyHistory19th century. 9. Jones County (Miss.)Biography. I. Title. II. Series.
F347.J6 B95 2001 976.255dc21

2001027040

Portions of this book have been reprinted in revised form with permission from the following works: Victoria E. Bynum, Misshapen Identity: Memory, Folklore, and the Legend of Rachel Knight, in Discovering the Women in Slavery: Emancipating Perspectives on the American Past, edited by Patricia Morton (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 1996 University of Georgia Press; Misshapen Identity: Memory, Folklore, and the Legend of Rachel Knight, in Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, edited by Martha Hodes (New York: New York University Press, 1999); White Negroes in Segregated Mississippi: Miscegenation, Racial Identity, and the Law, Journal of Southern History 64 (May 1998); and Telling and Retelling the Legend of the Free State of Jones, in Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Home Front, edited by Daniel Sutherland (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999).

stated with a grant

Figure Foundation

civil may we rest

To the memory of my father, Oma Stanley Bynum. Now I understand

Contents
Illustrations, Maps, and Tables
Illustrations

James O. Reddoch and grandsons, ca. 1908

Amos Deason Home, Ellisville, Mississippi

Leaf River, intersection of Covington and Jones Counties

Rachel Knight

Newton Knight

Prentice M. Bynum, ca. 1895

Rachel Knight and Newton Knight, before 1889

Serena Knight and Newton Knight

Grace Knight, Lessie Knight, and Georgeanne Knight, ca. 1905

Family of Jeffrey Early Knight and Martha Ann Eliza Molly Knight, ca. 1915

John Madison Hinchie Knight, ca. 1900

Family of George Clean Neck Knight and Elmyra Turner Knight, ca. 1900

Knight School, Gitano, Mississippi, ca. 1908

Grace Knight, ca. 1908

Stewart Knight

Oree Knight and Eddress Booth Knight, ca. 1929

Florence Knight Blaylock holding grandson, 1999

Dock Howze and Fannie Knight Howze, ca. 1905

George Monroe Knight and William Gailie Knight, ca. 1910

Martha Ann Eliza Molly Knight, ca. 1915

Chances Omar Knight, ca. 1915

Serena Knight, ca. 1920

Rachel Dorothy Knight, ca. 1920

Ardella Knight Barrett, ca. 1930

Rachel Watts, 1935

Augusta Ann Knight Watts, with Ezra Watts and Rachel Watts, ca. 1930

Davis Knight, December 27, 1948

Jones County Courthouse, Ellisville, Mississippi, 1996

Anna Knight

Automobile bumper sticker

Earle Knight

Headstone at mass grave of three men executed by Confederate colonel Robert Lowry in Jones County on April 16, 1864

Maps

1.1 North Carolina at the Beginning of 1760

1.2 North Carolina at the Beginning of 1775

1.3 Georgias Revolutionary War Counties

1.4 South Carolina, 1790

2.1 Principal Lines of Mississippi Territory prior to Statehood, 17981819

2.2 The Travelers Road, 18151836

3.1 Nonslaveholding Population of Mississippi, 1860

3.2 Mississippi, 1820

3.3 Mississippi, 1840

3.4 Mississippi, 1860

Tables

3.1 Growth of Slavery in Jones County Compared with Surrounding Counties and the State, 18201860

3.2 Distribution of Slaves in Jones County Compared with Surrounding Counties and the State, 1860

3.3 Cash Value of Farms in Jones County Compared with Surrounding Counties and the State, 1860

3.4 Farm Size in Jones County Compared with Surrounding Counties and the State, 1860

Acknowledgments

Throughout my journey into Jones Countys colorful past, Gregg Andrews, my husband and colleague, has been my constant companion, and moreover, he proved indispensable to the research and writing of this book. Together we have traversed the South summer after summer, researching his books as well as mine. Greggs social and professional skills have aided me time and again. For example, without his presence and prodding as we searched for the old homesite of Newt Knights parents, I doubt that I would have stopped to ask a farmer working in his field for directions. That chance encounter with local resident Julius Huff led to one of my most memorable excursions into Mississippis past. On hearing that I was a historian, Julius dropped his work and drove us in his truck through swampy dirt roads to the cemetery of John Jackie Knight, Newts grandfather. There he shared with us the stories he had heard all his life as he directed us to the stone marking the mass grave of three members of the Knight Company who were executed in 1864 by Confederate cavalry. After that experience, Gregg and I carried pad and pencil wherever we went, including the momentous day when we drove with another local resident, eighty-nine-year-old Earle Knight, to the Newton Knight cemetery. After landowner Jerry Jones kindly unlocked the gated fence, we were on our way. Over dirt roads strewn with debris and thick with weeds up to the hood of the car, and with thunderclouds gathering overhead, we searched and searchedand finally found the graves of Newt and Rachel.

Early in the adventure, it was clear that I would learn far more about the past from informal visits and conversations with people like Julius and Earle than by conducting formal interviews. Many families in Jones and Covington Counties opened their homes to us upon learning of my research and treated us with wonderful hospitality. In 1993 Carliona Ingram Forsythe prepared us a sumptuous Southern meal and arranged for us to meet with Ethel Knight, author of The Echo of the Black Horn. That same summer DeBoyd Knight and his wife, Robbie, regaled us with stories, photos, newspaper clippings, and other memorabilia related to the Free State of Jones. In the summer of 1994 Earle Knight not only arranged for us to visit the Newt Knight cemetery but also shared several meals with us and escorted us to the historic Amos Deason home. I am deeply saddened that neither Earle nor Carliona lived to see this book in print. Sometime after Earles death in 1998, I received a telephone call from his friend and cousin William Pitts, who shared that sadness with me and added his own thoughts about the legacy of Newt Knight.

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