Half a century of conspiracy theories and endless reruns of the Zapruder footage showing President Kennedy being shot as his limousine drives through Dealey Plaza, has lessened the impact of that bizarre weekend in November 1963. You could argue that Kennedys murder has lost its power to shock something inconceivable to those who lived through it.
The story of what took place in Dallas is not just about President Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald; its also about the scores of people who were drawn into the developing drama. Some are famous, some obscure, but it affected them all, putting them in unexpected situations, and sometimes making them behave in unexpected ways. This book is full of stories that I hope will restore the impact of the assassination.
Like Tony Zoppi, the Dallas showbiz reporter who found himself carrying the president of the United States casket; Robert Kennedy hiding in an Army truck in the dark waiting for his brothers body to arrive on Air Force One; the pipers of the Scottish Black Watch playing at JFKs funeral covered in cuts and bruises after a bar brawl defending his name; reporter Hugh Aynesworth having to take notes on a utility bill minutes after the assassination, using a novelty pencil he bought from a small boy; six-year-old Caroline Kennedy on the way to her fathers funeral, winding down the window of the limousine so she can hold Secret Service agent Bob Fosters hand as he walked alongside.
In this book Im not interested in conspiracy theories (which all need a greater leap of faith than believing Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby were simply in the right place at the right time to do the wrong thing) and Im not concerned much with the political background to Kennedys presidency. Im interested in what people are doing and what they are thinking as events unfold. In the Minute by Minute format, if you had a role to play, however small, youre in the book.
I love details that not only bring history to life but reveal a great deal. Jack Ruby stole a TV crews fried chicken lunch the day before he shot Oswald (not exactly Day of the Jackal); a mother recognised the watch on the wrist of a reporter on TV, so she knew her son, whom she hadnt heard from in months, was okay; Lee Harvey Oswald took his wedding ring off and placed it in a china cup before he set off to assassinate Kennedy; Marina Oswald had the famous photo of her husband holding a rifle hidden in her shoe when she visited him in the police cell.
I had a treasure trove of stories and insights to plunder, thanks to contemporary accounts, numerous sworn testimonies given in the hours after the death of President Kennedy and to the 1964 Warren Commission. I owe a debt to William Manchesters book Death of a President (1967), and Jim Bishops The Day Kennedy Was Shot (1968). Both authors interviewed many of the people involved, including Jackie and Robert Kennedy. Where Ive used dialogue, its taken from autobiographies, police and FBI notes, or Warren Commission testimonies (remarkably, many people virtually acted out their evidence in front of the commission). The timings are based on police records, media coverage, witness statements, plus some guesswork. Events in Texas are recorded in Central Standard Time (CST), those in Washington and New York, Eastern Standard Time (EST).
12.25pm Friday 22nd November: The Presidential limousine on Main Street, Dallas.
Welcome Mr President.
9.00pm
At 2515 Fifth Street, Irving, Texas, 31-year-old Ruth Paine is walking into her garage. The light is already on, which is unusual. She reckons that Lee Harvey Oswald must have left it on when he was working in there earlier that evening.
Ruth is mildly irritated at his carelessness. But it cant dampen her excitement, as tomorrow the president is coming to Dallas.
11.07pm
Twenty-two minutes behind schedule, the wheels of Air Force One strike the tarmac at Carswell Air Force base on the outskirts of Fort Worth, Texas. On board is the 46-year-old President John F Kennedy and Jackie, his 34-year-old wife. He is the youngest elected leader in American history.
JFK is in Texas because he needs to win friends in the South his support for civil rights has dented his popularity and an election is just a year away. Texas in particular needs wooing; in 1960 he beat the Republican candidate Richard Nixon here by only 46,000 votes. But Kennedy likes a challenge, and he likes even more to be away from the political intrigue of Washington, to meet the people and win them over.
Jackie has never campaigned before and hadnt planned to be on this trip. In August, their baby son Patrick died, just a few days old; she had been expecting to be at the White House, nursing him. Many people have advised JFK not to make this trip. Dallas District Judge Sarah T Hughes told the presidents aides that the journey was inadvisable. Senator J William Fulbright told JFK in October, Dallas is a dangerous place. I wouldnt go there and dont you go!
11.15pm
The president and his wife are walking down the steps of Air Force One, and being met by the president of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce, Raymond Buck. He shouts a greeting over the noise of the engines.
11.17pm
Also travelling with JFK and now leaving Air Force Two are three Democratic Texan heavyweights the vice president Lyndon B. Johnson, the states governor John Connally, and Senator Ralph Yarborough. Connally and Yarborough are also up for re-election in 1964 and each hopes the other will lose. They dislike each others politics and aim to make capital out of this trip. Its got to the point where Yarborough refuses to travel in the same car as Johnson, as hes an ally of Connally.
Kennedy is sick of this damaging rift and has a plan to heal it, but the vice president is concerned that hell only make the situation worse. Johnson, a farmers son who left school at 15, has a very different background from the wealthy Boston upbringing of Kennedy, but they are both masterful political tacticians.
Connally, Yarborough and Johnson smile and wave to the waiting press.
11.20pm
The Kennedys are bring driven to their Fort Worth hotel in a white convertible, borrowed by the Chamber of Commerce from the golf professional Ben Hogan. The presidents staff hadnt expected crowds to be out on the streets at this time of night, especially as its raining, but the route to their hotel via the West Freeway is lined with thousands of well-wishers.
11.30pm
Thirty miles away, in Ruth Paines Irving home, Lee Harvey Oswalds Russian wife Marina is getting into bed beside him. Hes lying on his stomach with his eyes closed. Earlier theyd argued hed tried desperately to persuade her to leave the Paines house where shes lodging and move back with him to Dallas, but Marina had refused. Marina was irritated because hed turned up unexpectedly, knowing full well the agreement is he should ask Ruths permission first.
Marina appreciates Ruths friendship. When Marina was pregnant, Ruth had donated blood twice at Parkland Hospital to ensure that Marina qualified for free maternity care. Ruth speaks Russian, and they both have two children and both have troubled marriages. Michael Paine moved out of the house a few months ago; Lee Harvey Oswald sometimes beats Marina.