Sidney M. Milkis - The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776-2014

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Contents

The American Presidency

SEVENTH EDITION

The American Presidency

Origins and Development, 17762014

SEVENTH EDITION

Editors

• Sidney M. Milkis
• University of Virginia
• Michael Nelson
• Rhodes College

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Copyright 2016 by CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional Quarterly Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN: 978-1-4833-1869-1

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Acquisitions Editor: Sarah Calabi

Editorial Assistant: Davia Grant

Production Editor: Veronica Stapleton Hooper

Copy Editor: Pam Schroeder

Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.

Proofreader: Ellen Howard

Indexer: Marilyn Augst

Cover Designer: Leonardo March

Marketing Manager: Amy Whitaker

Preface

Twenty-five years ago, we wrote and CQ Press published the first edition of The American Presidency: Origins and Development . Encouraged by the strong response that it and the next five editions received, we have undertaken a seventh edition with three important objectives in mind. First, we wanted to take account of recent events and developments, especially the Obama presidency, the 2008 and 2012 elections that Obama handily won, and the 2010 and 2014 midterm elections that his party badly lost. Second, we sought to thoroughly refine the writing and analysis throughout the book. And third, we wanted to incorporate the best of the new scholarship on the origins and development of the presidency.

At its launch, The American Presidency was the first comprehensive, one-volume history of the presidency to be written by political scientists in more than fifty years. Not since Wilfred E. Binkley published The Powers of the President: Problems of American Democracy in 1937 had a similar effort been undertaken.

One advantage of a historical approach to the presidency is that it fills the enormous gap that has arisen in the education of most contemporary students of the office. Because the historical profession (with notable exceptions) has in recent years deemphasized political history in favor of social history, we political scientists have had to step into the breach. So be it: the historians self-inflicted misfortune has become our good fortune.

Another reason for political scientists to approach the presidency with an eye to history is that in doing so we supplement the approach taken by most standard textbooks. Instead of artificially segregating the presidency into its discrete partsthe president and Congress, presidential elections, party leadership, and so ona historical approach necessarily integrates every aspect of the office in a way that accurately reflects the dynamic interaction of the various parts. We see, for example, how Franklin D. Roosevelts attempt to seize control of the Supreme Court in 1937 simultaneously affectedand was affected byhis relations with Congress, his party, the public, and the media. The same can be said of Barack Obamas determined pursuit of health care reform, which deeply influenced public opinion, elections, and the bureaucracy.

As we have developed this narrative over the past twenty-five years, our most important task has been to bring to light the history of how the institution of the presidency was created and how it has developed during its more than two centuries of existence. We describe what has remained constant in the office, mostly because of its constitutional design. We also discuss those historical innovations that have endured.

We are less concerned about describing what is idiosyncratic about particular presidents. Abraham Lincoln and Millard Fillmore, for example, receive a chapter and a few paragraphs, respectively, but more because of how they affected the presidency and the political system than because of the kinds of people they were. We believe that the institutional history of the presidency is a sufficiently important and neglected topic to merit a book all its own.

Some readers may ask: how pertinent is the presidencys first century and a half to its most recent eight decades? The answers of many political scientists, at least until recently, have ranged from hardly to not at all. Students of the modern presidency typically mark 1933, the year of FDRs first inauguration, as year one of presidential history.

Our argumentand our evidenceis different. Many of the most important institutional characteristics of the presidency date from the Constitutional Convention and the earliest days of the Republic, which we chronicle in ). Put simply, TR and Wilson began the practices that strengthened the president as the nations popular and legislative leader; FDR then consolidated, or institutionalized, the presidents new leadership roles in ways that subsequent presidents have continued.

This book is an interpretive political history of the presidency (and, in , the vice presidency) as well as a factual one. We have worked hard to get our facts straight and to make our interpretations sound. Research scholars, we think, will continue to be stimulated by much of what we report about the deep roots of modern American political institutions. Students will gain a solid undergirding for their study of the presidency, the Constitution, political development, and contemporary American politics and government. We also hope that this book will continue to find its home not only in reading rooms and classrooms but also in living rooms. After all, in a system of republican government such as ours, political history means our politics, our history.

We take pleasure and pride in the long friendship and colleagueship that underlie our continuing collaboration on The American Presidency . The book is truly a joint intellectual endeavor.

We have many thanks to offer, not least to our wives and children, to whom this book is dedicated. Kenneth Stevens of Texas Christian University, Darren Wheeler of Ball State University, and John White of Catholic University of America reviewed the sixth edition and provided several helpful suggestions for improvement. We also thank Jesse H. Rhodes of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and Emily Charnock of the University of Virginia for sharing with us their excellent research and penetrating insights on President Obama. We are indebted to Marilyn Augst for her excellent index. For their work or encouragement (or, in most instances, both) on previous editions, we thank these members of CQ Presss extraordinarily able staff: Charisse Kiino, director of college editorial; Sarah Calabi, acquisitions editor; Davia Grant, editorial assistant; Pam Schroeder, freelance copy editor; and Catherine Forrest, production editor manager.

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