The publisher and the University of California Press Foundation gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the Simpson Imprint in Humanities.
WAR AND RELIGION
EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN FROM THE FIRST THROUGH THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURIES
Arnaud Blin
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
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University of California Press
Oakland, California
2019 by The Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Blin, Arnaud, author.
Title: War and religion : Europe and the Mediterranean from the first through the twenty-first centuries / Arnaud Blin.
Description: Oakland, California : University of California Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018033189 (print) | LCCN 2018034560 (ebook) | ISBN 9780520961753 | ISBN 9780520286634 (cloth : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH : WarReligious aspectsHistory. | Religion and politicsEuropeHistory. | Religion and politicsMediterranean RegionHistory. | Mediterranean RegionHistory. | EuropeHistory. | Mediterranean RegionPolitics and government. | EuropePolitics and government.
Classification: LCC BL 65. W 2 (ebook) | LCC BL 65. W 2 B 55 2018 (print) | DDC 201/.727309dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018033189
Manufactured in the United States of America
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Kimberly, Margaux, and Emerson
For six thousand years war
Has pleased the quarrelling peoples
And God has wasted his time making
The stars and the flowers
Victor Hugo, Les chansons des rues et des bois
CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATIONS
MAPS
FIGURES
CHRONOLOGY
72/73 CE | Siege and fall of Masada, Israel |
| Constantines epiphany at the Milvian Bridge outside Rome |
ca. 400 | Saint Augustine develops just war doctrine |
499 (or 508) | Clovis converts to Catholicism |
| Muhammad and the Hegira |
636/637 | Muslim armies defeat the Byzantines at Yarmouk and the Sassanians and Qadisiyya |
| Muslims stopped at Poitiers |
| Muslims defeat Chinese at Talas |
| Charlemagne emperor |
786809 | Hrn al-Rashd and the Golden Age of Islam |
1071 | Byzantines crushed by Alp Arslan at Manzikert |
1095 | Council of Clermont: Pope Urban II launches First Crusade |
1099 | Crusaders enter Jerusalem |
1187 | Saladin wins at Hattin, retakes Jerusalem |
1204 | Sack of Constantinople by crusaders |
120944 | Albigensian Crusades |
1212 | Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa, Spain |
ca. 1270 | Saint Thomas Aquinas revives just war doctrine |
1396 | Christian army routed by Ottomans at Nicopolis |
1410 | Teutonic Knights defeated at Grnwald-Tannenberg |
141936 | Hussite Wars |
1453 | Fall of Constantinople |
1492 | Muslims and Jews expelled from Spain |
1517 | Luther posts his ninety-five theses |
1555 | Peace of Augsburg between Catholics and Lutherans |
156098 | French Wars of Religion |
1571 | Holy League defeats Ottomans at Lepanto |
1588 | Spanish Armada repulsed by England |
161848 | Thirty Years War |
1648 | Peace of Westphalia |
164854 | Khmelnytsky uprising, Ukraine and Belarus |
1656 and 1712 | Villmergen wars in the Swiss Confederacy |
170210 | Camisard uprising in southern France |
173647 | Nader Shah seeks to unify Islam |
191322 | Turkish genocide of Armenians, Assyro-Chaldeans, and Pontic Greeks |
1924 | Atatrk abolishes the Caliphate |
1979 | USSR invades Afghanistan |
1979 | Iranian Revolution |
2001 | 9/11 terrorist attacks |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Not many publishers would have taken the risk of accepting a manuscript on a topic as complex and sensitive as this one, and so the first person I must thank is Reed Malcolm of the University of California Press. Reed believed in the project from the start and entrusted me with bringing it to fruition. From there, he followed the process from beginning to end, encouraged me when I needed it, and helped me clear the obstacles that popped up along the way. Without Reed, this book might never have taken off, and it would have had difficulty landing when it had. The editorial team at the University of California Press was professional to the core and ensured that the transmutation from manuscript to book was a smooth process. Archna Patel steered me efficiently and patiently through the process as Cindy Fulton took the book through the various stages of production. The final draft of the manuscript had the good fortune of being entrusted to Peter Dreyer for copyediting. Peters extraordinary depth of knowledge, formidable experience, and uncompromising rigor no doubt contributed dramatically to elevate the quality of the text.
Great thanks must also go to Kristie Bliss and Grard Chaliand. The job of the historian is to make sure that his or her material is not too difficult to digest, and, to this end, form is as central as substance. Kristie painstakingly read the various iterations of this long manuscript. Her mastery and love of the English language, as well as her tireless attention to detail, enabled me to steer clear of stylistic pitfalls and to resist excessive digressions. She made sure I kept the text as fluid as possible, essential given the bulk of information. Grard Chaliand is one of the few people on earth with the breadth of knowledge, as well as the command and capacity, to evaluate a topic as multifaceted and extensive as this one so thoroughly. Grards detailed comments, suggestions, and criticisms were invaluable, and his intellectual support was much appreciated. My thanks also go to the anonymous evaluators whose acute and penetrating comments helped make this text a lot more focused and solid than was the case with the initial draft. Last, but not least, my sincere thanks to Nicolas Rageau who, once again, worked his cartographic magic and brought life to the complex maps I asked him to produce.