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Karunanithy - The Macedonian War Machine 359-281 BC

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Karunanithy The Macedonian War Machine 359-281 BC
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Dedication; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Table of Figures; Preface; Acknowledgements; Foreword; PART I -- ORIGINS AND PERSPECTIVES; Chapter 1 -- The Macedonian Armys Place in History; The Rise of Philips Army State; The Macedonian Achilles; The Struggle for Power and its Aftermath; Chapter 2 -- Transmission of Military Knowledge; The Intellectual Base; Hellenistic Military Works; Transfer of Military Doctrine in Later Times; PART II -- PREPARATION; Chapter 3 -- Training Soldiers; Origins of Training; Where They Trained; Training Characteristics; Physical Culture.;The army that emerged from the reforms of Philip II of Macedon proved to be without equal in the period covered and one of the most successful in the whole of the ancient period. Much has been written on aspects of Macedonian warfare, particularly the generalship of its most famous proponent, Alexander the Great, yet many studies retread the same paths and draw conclusion on the same narrow evidential base, while leaving important aspects and sources of information untouched. David Karunanithy concentrates on filling the gaps in existing studies, presenting and studying evidence frequently.

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Table of Contents Acknowledgements My wife Lena is chiefly to thank for - photo 1
Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

My wife Lena is chiefly to thank for making this book possible. Without her monumental efforts in formulating an effective editing schedule, my work would have simply remained a dog-eared manuscript gathering dust, hopes and dreams. We worked on the task as a teamI undertook the research while she performed major surgery on my text. I am indebted to her for cutting away the jumble of words, transforming what I wrote into something altogether orderly and readable.

Apart from Lena, I would like to express my appreciation for the late Professor Emeritus N.G.L. Hammond of the University of Cambridge. Professor Hammond was one of the foremost authorities on ancient Macedonia in the English language and his many admirable works have over the years kindled in me a passion for all things ancient and Macedonian. We maintained a written correspondence from August 1997 and he patiently reviewed some of my early drafts and was at hand to encourage me in my slow and laborious progress. His last letter to me was dated 8 March 2001 with an invitation to meet him at his home. Unfortunately, this was not to be as he died several weeks later at the age of 93 after over half a century of phenomenal academic output. I sent my condolences to his family and received a touching response from his wife Margaret. Before his passing, the Professor had most generously provided a short Foreword banged out on a fossilised typewriter and I had requested that this might accompany my book.

Over the years scores of people and institutions have been instrumental in aiding me with the painstaking research for this project and with the use of their facilities.

During my forays into Greece I made contact with individuals who have greatly improved the final outcome. A debt of gratitude must be paid to Georgina Giati for her immense kindness and thoughtful cooperation, Konstantinos Noulas for his inexhaustible generosity and hospitality, Anthi Efstathiou for bringing some rare evidence to my attention and Jordanis Pimenidis for his inspiring enthusiasm.

Other contacts who have assisted and inspired me include Gian Svennevig, George Casstrisios, Evelyn Miller, Philip Greenough, Anthony Dove, Steven Neate, Christopher Webber and many other members of the Society of Ancients. To this roll call must be added Anna Chatzinikolaou, Minor Markle, Roger Scott, Duncan Head, Dean Lush, Ruben Post and Luke Ueda-Sarson, to whom I am grateful for useful points, valued insights and a generous supply of articles. In addition, I would like to recognise Anastasia Maravela and the staff of the Joint Library of the Hellenic and Roman Societies including the Warburg Institute Library (both of the School of Advanced Study, London).

Heartfelt thanks must go to my parents for always being at hand whenever I needed their support along the long twisting road of study, and to my sister Clare, who transported me around Melbourne in my obsessive hunt for research materials. My editor, Philip Sidnell, should also be singled out for praise, granting me the timely opportunity to have my work published through Pen & Sword Books after years of vacillation. Finally, I must acknowledge Dr Peter Guest of Cardiff University. When we were schoolboys he once teased me about an imaginary book called The Macedonian War Machinethe subtle seedling for this project.

David Karunanithy
St Albans, June 2012

Appendix 1
Some Military Figures in Macedonian Funerary Art
Great Tumulus, Vergina: Grave Stelai

Hundreds of marble funerary monument fragments were recovered by archaeologist Manolis Andronikos from the Great Tumulus at Vergina.

According to Professor Chrysoula Saatsoglou-Paliadeli, the debris includes over fifty individual grave stelai spanning the fourthearly third centuries BC. Almost all of them have patronyms giving the names of the deceased. Little known to many researchers is that a few of the stelai appear to show Macedonian soldiers or military features. As these rare finds complement the overall evidence given in this book, the author felt it necessary to provide a review of four of the more relevant stelai for the sake of completeness. Most information was compiled from Saatsoglou-Paliadelis definitive Greek language work on the subject, of which only one copy is available in British academic libraries.

The first stele has the subject standing to the right in kausia with clearly-delineated hat band, tunic and chlamys, accompanied by a small child. The mans right hand extends in apparent farewell to a seated female figure to the left.

The second stele consists of only one large fragment. It depicts a man standing or sitting in a heroic pose grasping the visible shaft of a spear in his right hand, with his right arm or shoulder and the right side of his upper chest all bare. To the immediate left of this figure is a non-crested Phrygian helmet, the top partwith its distinctive high medial cockscombclearly visible.

The third stele has only the upper section surviving. The scene appears to incorporate a figure standing to the left in kausia, tunic and chlamys. The fragment cuts off, omitting the lower legs. Faded objects can be discerned on a shelf at the top including the hilt of a xiphos and a possible helmet on the far right side.

The last stele consists of a single large fragment. On the left is a seated man of whom only the tunic and legs can be made out. He holds a spear or javelin and his footwear consists of shin or calf high socks and krepides, the left of which still clearly preserves details of strap netting. A figure stands before him on the right wearing an above knee length tunic, a possible kausia and chlamys with socks and krepides.

Many of these stelai were painted. Preserved pigments have been described overall as red, blue, purple, yellow, green and black. The author had the opportunity to examine personally colour pigments of two additional stelai from the same tumulus site, which are included in Appendix 2 under catalogue nos. 5 and 6.

Bella Tomb II, Vergina: Painting

The three tombs covered by the Bella Tumulus at Vergina were originally excavated by Andronikos (1981/1982). The second tomb (dated 300275 BC) comprises one chamber measuring 3m3.5m with a height of almost 5m. Although it had been looted, this was to some extent compensated by an intact painting located above the marble doorway which had been treated with a thin coat of white plaster helping to preserve its colour pigments. The composition consists of an individual in full battle panoply flanked on each side by a deity (Plate 5).

The youthful, clean shaven man at the centre represents the heroised tomb occupant (

The central figure may be interpreted as an officer of Guard or Companion cavalry. He is depicted in a pale blue tunic over which is a white corselet with light pink-purple or violet shoulder yoke edged in red; a vague ochre-gold coloured Gorgons head ornament is located on the upper chest. Laces are discerned tied to the front of the shoulder pieces with an apparent ochre (or gold) tinted object, barely seen at the end of the visible left guard. A smaller gold object with a red strand is located lower down on the left side. The hips and midriff are obscured by a scarlet himation, and the corselet can be seen to integrate two layers of white pteryges, the lower row (or both) with a single thin line of red trim. Also apparent are a pair of high, dark brown boots (embades) enclosing the foot and calf. Specific details can still be made out, such as scalloped leather turnovers and long dangling laces.

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