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Joelle M Abi-Rached - Asfuriyyeh: A History of Madness, Modernity, and War in the Middle East

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The development of psychiatry in the Middle East, viewed through the history of one of the first modern mental hospitals in the region.Afriyyeh (formally, the Lebanon Hospital for the Insane) was founded by a Swiss Quaker missionary in 1896, one of the first modern psychiatric hospitals in the Middle East. It closed its doors in 1982, a victim of Lebanons brutal fifteen-year civil war. In this book, Joelle Abi-Rached uses the rise and fall of Afriyyeh as a lens through which to examine the development of modern psychiatric theory and practice in the region as well as the sociopolitical history of modern Lebanon.Abi-Rached shows how Afriyyehs role shifted from a missionary enterprise to a national institution with wide regional influence. She offers a gripping chronicle of patients and staff members experiences during the Lebanese Civil War and analyzes the hospitals distinctive nonsectarian philosophy. When Afriyyeh closed down, health in general and mental health in particular became more visibly sectarianizedmonopolized by various religious and political actors. Once hailed for its progressive approach to mental illness and its cosmopolitanism, Afriyyeh became a stigmatizing term, a byword for madness and deviance, ultimately epitomizing a failed project of modernity. Reflecting on the afterlife of this and other medical institutions, especially those affected by war, Abi-Rached calls for a new ethics of memory, more attuned to our global yet increasingly fragmented, unstable, and violent present.

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Culture and Psychiatry Edited by Neil Aggarwal Afriyyeh A History of - photo 1

Culture and Psychiatry

Edited by Neil Aggarwal

Afriyyeh: A History of Madness, Modernity, and War in the Middle East by Joelle M. Abi-Rached

Afriyyeh

A History of Madness, Modernity, and War in the Middle East

Joelle M. Abi-Rached

The MIT Press

Cambridge, Massachusetts

London, England

2020 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Abi-Rached, Joelle M., 1979 author.

Title: Afriyyeh : a history of madness, modernity, and war in the Middle East / Joelle M. Abi-Rached.

Description: Cambridge, Massachusetts : The MIT Press, 2020. | Series: Culture and psychiatry | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020004713 | ISBN 9780262044745 (hardcover)

Subjects: LCSH: Psychiatric hospitals--Lebanon--History. | Mental illness--Treatment--Lebanon--History. | Mental illness--Lebanon--History. | Psychiatry--Lebanon--History. | Mental illness--Treatment--Middle East--History. | Mental illness--Middle East--History. | Psychiatry--Middle East--History.

Classification: LCC RC451.L42 A25 2020 | DDC 362.2/1095692--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020004713

d_r0

In memory of my father, Dr. Maroun El-Khoury Youssef Abi-Rached (19352014)

Contents
Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Near East until 1918 Source - photo 2

Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Near East until 1918.

Source : Fascicle no. 4, Vital Cuinet, Syrie, Liban et Palestine: Gographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonne (Paris: E. Leroux, 18961901), BnF.

List of Figures
List of Tables
Abbreviations

AUB Archives

Archives des Capucins de France, Paris

Arab Dissuasion (or Deterrent) Force

Affaires diverses politiques

Annual Report

a.s.

au sujet (in re)

American University of Beirut

AUB-JL

American University of Beirut, Jafet Library, Archives and Special Collections

AUB-SML

American University of Beirut, Saab Medical Library, Archives and Special Collections

Beirut Executive Committee

Bibliothque nationale de France, Paris

CBMS

Conference of British Missionary Societies

Colonial Office, Great Britain

CPCOM

Correspondance politique et commerciale

Diploma in Psychological Medicine

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association

French Faculty of Medicine, Beirut

Foreign Office, Great Britain

ISIS

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria

Lebanese pound

London General Committee

Lebanon Hospital

LHMND

Lebanon Hospital for Mental and Nervous Disorders

Ministre des affaires trangres, Archives diplomatiques, Paris

NEST

Near East School of Theology, Archives and Special Collections, Beirut

OD or /ODM

Ministry of Overseas Development, Great Britain

Palestinian Liberation Organization

PTSD

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

The Retreat Archive, Borthwick Institute for Archives, University of York

Service historique de la dfense, Ministre de la dfense, Archives, Paris

SOAS

School of Oriental and African Studies, Archives and Special Collections, University of London

Syrian Protestant College

TLRSF

The Library of the Religious Society of Friends, London

The National Archives, London (previously the Public Records Office)

UNRWA

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

Universit Saint-Joseph

UY-BIA

University of York, Borthwick Institute for Archives, York

World Health Organization

War Office, Great Britain

Chronology of Major Events

1516Ottoman conquest of bild al-shm

1523The Emirate of Mount Lebanon under the rule of the Man dynasty

1540Ignatius of Layola founds the Society of Jesus in Rome with the approval of Pope Paul III (the societys members are called Jesuits)

1697The Emirate of Mount Lebanon under the rule of the Shihab dynasty

1805Muhammad Ali Pasha becomes viceroy of Egypt (until 1848)

1808Mahmud II becomes the Ottoman sultan

1810The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions is founded in Boston

1814Pope Pius VII restores the Jesuits in the Levant

1838Druze revolt against Bashir Shihab II and Ibrahim Pasha

1839Ottoman Tanzimat reforms (until 1876) Abdlmecid I becomes the Ottoman sultan

1841Civil strife in Mount Lebanon and Damascus

1842The end of the Emirate of Mount Lebanon

1843Double qimaqmiyya : Mount Lebanon is divided into Druze and Christian districts

1845Renewed civil strife in Mount Lebanon

1853Crimean War (until 1856)

1860Sectarian massacres in Mount Lebanon and Damascus

1861 Mutaarrif iyya of Mount Lebanon (until 1915) Davud Pasha becomes governor Abdlaziz I becomes the Ottoman sultan

1866The Syrian Protestant College (SPC) is founded (renamed the American University of Beirut in 1920)

1867SPC establishes a Faculty of Medicine

1868Franko Pasha becomes governor of Mount Lebanon

1873Rstem Pasha becomes governor of Mount Lebanon

1875The Universit Saint-Joseph (USJ) is founded

1876Ottoman Sanitation Act ( Irad Sani ) Murad V is the Ottoman sultan followed by Sultan Abdlhamid II

1883USJ establishes a School of Medicine Vasa Pasha becomes governor of Mount Lebanon

1888Vilayet of Beirut stretches from Latakia to Jaffa (until 1917)

1896Afriyyeh is founded, a committee is formed, and a president is appointed

1900Afriyyeh officially opens its doors

1914First World War

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