Acknowledgements
My grateful thanks are due:
For advice, encouragement and assistance in getting the book produced to: Bobby Gainher; Amy Myers; Bryan Watkins; Andrew Hewson, Elizabeth Fairbairn, Charlie Campbell and their colleagues at Johnson & Alcock Ltd; Brigadier Henry Wilson and his team at Pen & Sword Books Ltd.
For the photographs to: Terence Kelly; Christopher Shores; Philip Fisher and the staff of the Birmingham & Midland Institute & Library; the staff of the Taylor Library.
For permission to use extracts from the following books to: Air Research Publications for Hurricane Squadron at War 1939 1941 by Perry Adams; Ian Allen Publishing for Hurricane Special by Maurice Allward; Crecy Publishing Ltd for Pattle: Supreme Fighter in the Air republished as Pattle: Ace of Aces by E.C.R. Baker; Pen & Sword Books Ltd for The Desert Air War 1939 1945 by Richard Townshend Bickers; Chaz Bowyer for his Hurricane at War ; The Crowood Press for The Hawker Hurricane by Peter Jacobs; Juliet Burton Literary Agency on behalf of the Author for Hurricane and Spitfire Pilots at War and Hurricane Over the Jungle by Terence Kelly; Crecy Publishing Ltd for The Hawker Hurricane by Francis K. Mason; Grub Street Publishing Ltd for Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece and Crete 1940 41 , Bloody Shambles Volumes One and Two, Malta: The Hurricane Years 1940 41 and Malta: The Spitfire Year 1942 by Christopher Shores and others; Christopher Shores himself for the above plus Fighters Over the Desert and Fighters Over Tunisia . Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders, as Andrew, Elizabeth and Charlie will confirm with some fervour, but if any have proved impossible to contact would they please accept my most sincere apologies.
Most of all, however, my thanks are due to the authors and publishers of the works from which the accounts of the pilots and others have been taken:
Adams, Perry, Hurricane Squadron at War 1939 1941 , Air Research Publications, 1988.
Allward, Maurice, Hurricane Special , Ian Allen, 1975.
Bader, Group Captain Sir Douglas, Fight for the Sky: The Story of the Spitfire and the Hurricane , Sidgwick & Jackson, 1973.
Baker, E.C.R., Pattle: Supreme Fighter in the Air , Kimbers, 1965. Republished as Pattle: Ace of Aces , Crecy Publishing Ltd, 1993.
Barker, Ralph, The Hurricats , Pelham Books, 1978.
Beamont, Wing Commander Roland, Phoenix into Ashes , Kimbers, 1968.
Beedle, J., 43 Squadron , Beaumont Aviation Literature, 1966.
Bickers, Richard Townshend, The Desert Air War 1939 1945 , Leo Cooper, 1991.
, Ginger Lacey, Fighter Pilot , Robert Hale, 1962.
Bolitho, Hector, Combat Report , Batsford, 1943.
Bowyer, Chaz, Hurricane at War , Ian Allen, 1974.
Cameron, Ian, Red Duster, White Ensign , Frederick Muller, 1959.
Clostermann, Pierre, The Big Show , Chatto &Windus, 1953.
Darlington, Roger, Night Hawk , Kimbers, 1985.
Dibbs, John & Holmes, Tony, Hurricane: A Fighter Legend , Osprey Publishing, 1995.
Donahue, Flight Lieutenant A.G., Last Flight from Singapore , MacMillan, 1944.
Forrester, Larry, Fly for your Life , Frederick Muller, 1956.
Fozard, Dr John W., Sydney Camm and The Hurricane , Airlife Publishing Ltd, 1991.
Gleed, Wing Commander I., Arise to Conquer , Victor Gollanz, 1942.
Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore, Fight for the Sky: True Stories of Wartime Fighter Pilots , Patrick Stephens, 1986.
Howell, Edward, Escape to Live , Longmans, 1950.
Jackson, Robert, Hawker Hurricane , Blandford Press, 1987.
Jacobs, Peter, Hawker Hurricane , Crowood Press, 1998.
Johnson, Brian, Fly Navy , David & Charles, 1981.
Kelly, Terence, Hurricane and Spitfire Pilots at War , Kimbers, 1986. Republished Arrow, 1988. Republished Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2004.
, Hurricane Over the Jungle , Kimbers 1977. Republished Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2004.
Mason, Francis K., The Hawker Hurricane , Macdonalds, 1962. Republished in an extended version Aston Publications Ltd, 1987. Republished Crecy Publishing Ltd, 2001.
Masters, David, So Few , Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1943.
Moorehead, Alan, The Desert War , Hamish Hamilton, 1965.
Owen, Lieutenant Colonel Frank, The Campaign in Burma , HMSO, 1946.
Poolman, Kenneth, Faith, Hope and Charity , Kimbers, 1954.
Popham, Hugh, Sea Flight , Kimbers, 1954.
Richards, Denis & Saunders, Hilary St G., Royal Air Force 1939 1945 , HMSO. Volume I: The Fight at Odds , 1953; Volume II: The Fight Avails , 1954; Volume III: The Fight is Won , 1954.
Richey, Wing Commander Paul, Fighter Pilot , Janes, 1980.
Robertson, Bruce & Scarborough Gerald, Hawker Hurricane , Patrick Stephens, 1974.
Shores, Christopher & Cull, Brian with Malizia, Nicola, Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece and Crete 1940 41 , Grub Street Ltd, 1987.
, Malta: The Hurricane Years 1940 41 , Grub Street Ltd, 1987.
, Malta: The Spitfire Year 1942 , Grub Street Ltd, 1991.
Shores, Christopher & Cull, Brian with Izawa, Yasuho, Bloody Shambles , Grub Street Ltd. Volume One: The Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore , 1992; Volume Two: The Defence of Sumatra to the Fall of Burma , 1993.
Shores, Christopher & Ring, Hans, Fighters Over the Desert , Neville Spearman, 1969.
Shores, Christopher, Ring, Hans & Hess, William H., Fighters Over Tunisia , Neville Spearman, 1975.
Sims, Charles, The Royal Air Force: The First Fifty Years , Adam & Charles Black, 1968.
Swinson, Arthur, Kohima , Hutchinson, 1966.
Tomlinson, Michael, The Most Dangerous Moment , Kimbers, 1976.
Townsend, Group Captain Peter, Duel of Eagles , Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972.
Tsuji, Colonel Masanobu, Singapore: The Japanese Version , Mayflower-Dell, 1960 (UK Edition 1966).
And the following booklets prepared by the Ministry of Information for the Air Ministry:
The Air Battle of Malta , HMSO, 1944.
The Battle of Britain , HMSO, 1941.
Over to You , HMSO, 1943.
Chapter 1
Background
It all began with an entry in the project diary of an aircraft designer:
August 1933. Meeting with Air Cdre [Commodore] Cave-Brown-Cave (Air Staff) and Major Buchanan (Deputy Director of Technical Development) to discuss possibility of building the Fury Monoplane, a single-seater fighter armed with two machine-guns in the fuselage and two in the wings.
The diary in question was that of Sydney Camm he belatedly became Sir Sydney in 1953 Chief Designer of Hawker Aircraft Limited, and the meeting to which he referred may be said to have marked the conception of the Hawker Hurricane. It had been inspired by two quite different yet interconnected series of events. One had begun in early 1930 with the introduction to squadron service in the RAF of an earlier creation by Camm, the Hawker Hart light bomber. With a top speed of 184 mph, this was faster than any existing RAF fighter and would prove to have a performance only marginally inferior to that of the two new fighters which would join the RAF in the following year, Camms own Fury and Demon, the latter a two-seater fighter version of the Hart. Demands by the Air Ministry for a fighter with a clear dominance over the Hart would later lead to the Gloster Gladiator, but for his part Camm had become convinced that the biplane had reached its limit and a quite different solution to the problem was needed.
The other series of events had begun as recently as 30 January 1933 but had then moved with disconcerting rapidity. On that date Adolf Hitler had become Chancellor of Germany and his Air Minister, Hermann Gring, who was a great believer in putting guns before butter, promptly set in train a huge increase in aircraft production, backed by massive state loans, which was intended to give his Luftwaffe superiority over any possible rival.