John Zubrzycki - The Shortest History of India
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From the earliest humans and the Harappn civilisation to Muslim invaders, the Great Mughals, British rule, the countrys struggle for autonomy and present-day hopes and challenges, John Zubrzycki masterfully condenses five millennia of deities, mutinies, wars, great empires, decadent dynasties, invasions, colonisation and independence into a fascinating, lively telling. He brings the complex and contrasting layers of Indian history to life through a well-known cast of characters Buddha, Alexander the Great, Akbar, Clive, Tipu Sultan, Lakshmi Bai, Curzon, Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi against a backdrop of the mystical Ganges, the desert forts of Rajasthan, the snow-covered Himalayas and the ruins of Indias fabled civilisations.
From Buddhism to Bollywood, India has made its mark on Asia and the world. Its progress in tackling poverty and illiteracy have been impressive, but extraordinary challenges remain not least the threat to its secular fabric. Only time will tell if India can overcome its political, social and religious tensions to rise again and become the next global superpower.
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Also in the series
The Shortest History of Europe by John Hirst
The Shortest History of England by James Hawes
The Shortest History of China by Linda Jaivin
The Shortest History of Democracy by John Keane
The Shortest History of the Soviet Union by Sheila Fitzpatrick
The Shortest History of Greece by James Heneage
The Shortest History of War by Gwynne Dyer
Published by Black Inc.,
an imprint of Schwartz Books Pty Ltd
2224 Northumberland Street
Collingwood VIC 3066, Australia
www.blackincbooks.com
Copyright John Zubrzycki 2022
John Zubrzycki asserts his right to be known as the author of this work.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior consent of the publishers.
9781760641788 (paperback)
9781743822357 (ebook)
Cover design by Akiko Chan
Text design by Dennis Grauel
Typesetting by Typography Studio
Maps and graphs by Alan Laver
Cover image by Lotus Images / Shutterstock
A Note on Pronunciation,
Place Names and Dates
To aid pronunciation, diacritic marks have been used for Sanskrit words, names and places up until the Mughal period.
| car | (retroflex) | dish |
| queen | (velar) | sung |
| boot | (palatal) | canyon |
| rig | (retroflex) | renown |
| like the n in uncle | tub | |
| (palatal) | shame | able |
In recent decades, many cities in India have ditched their colonial names, thus Calcutta became Kolkata and Bombay is now officially Mumbai. The following text reverts to names in use during the periods that are being discussed. To aid the reader, the modern equivalents of ancient names are given, thus Kc is now Kanchipuram and Kashi is todays Varanasi. Dates for births, deaths and reigns of prominent historical figures up to the Mughal period are also given.
| ANCIENT INDIA
| c. 1.5 million BCE | Earliest humans in India |
| c. 65,000 BCE | Out-of-Africa migration reaches India | |
| c. 7000 BCE | Earliest evidence of agriculture | |
| c. 33002600 BCE | Early Harappn civilisation | |
| c. 26001900 BCE | Mature Harappn | |
| c. 20001500 BCE | ryan migration from Central Asia | |
| c. 19001300 BCE | Late Harappn | |
| c. 12001100 BCE | g Veda compiled | |
| c. 800300 BCE | Upanihads composed | |
| c. 599527 BCE | Mahvra, founder of Jainism | |
| c. 563483 BCE | Siddhrtha Gautama, founder of Buddhism | |
| c. 400 BCE300 CE | Mahbhrata and Ramayana composed | |
| 326 BCE | Alexander the Great invades northern India | |
| AGE OF EMPIRES
| c. 322185 BCE | Mauryan Empire |
| c. 100240 BCE | First Indian Buddhist missions to China | |
| 135 BCE150 CE | Kua Empire | |
| c. 100500 | Gandharan art flourishes in North India and Afghanistan | |
| c. 320550 | Gupta Empire | |
| c. 200400 | Kmastra composed | |
| AGE OF INVASIONS | c. 455 | First Ha invasion |
| c. 60647 | Reign of Hara | |
| c. 712 | Arabs occupy Sindh | |
| c. 300888 | Pallavas of Kc | |
| c. 871907 | Rise of the Cholan Empire | |
| 100430 | Mahmud of Ghazni raids India | |
| 1192 | Prithviraj Chauhan defeated at battle of Tarain | |
| 12061526 | Delhi Sultanate | |
| 13361565 | Vijayanagara Empire | |
| GREAT MUGHALS
| 15261530 | Reign of Babur |
| 153040, 155556 | Reign of Humayun | |
| 15561605 | Reign of Akbar | |
| 160527 | Reign of Jahangir | |
| 162758 | Reign of Shah Jahan | |
| 163254 | Taj Mahal constructed | |
| 16581707 | Reign of Aurangzeb | |
| COLONIALISM | 1600 | British East India Company (EIC) founded |
| 1739 | Delhi sacked by Persian Nadir Shah | |
| 1756 | Black Hole of Calcutta | |
| 1757 | Battle of Plassey | |
| 1765 | EIC gains rights to revenue collection in Bengal | |
| 1773 | Regulating Act establishes a governor general and supervising council | |
| 1799 | Tipu Sultan defeated at Srirangapatnam | |
| 1813 | Charter Act allows Christian missionaries into India | |
| 181718 | Third AngloMaratha War and British conquest of India | |
| 1856 | Lord Dalhousie orders annexation of Awadh | |
| 1857 | Indian Uprising or Mutiny | |
| 1858 | India comes under the Crown | |
| BRITISH RAJ
| 1876 | Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India |
| 1885 | Indian National Congress founded | |
| 1905 | Partition of Bengal | |
| 1906 | Muslim League founded | |
| 1918 | Mahatma Gandhi holds first satyagraha in Bihar | |
| 1919 | Amritsar Massacre | |
| 1930 | Indian National Congress calls for self-rule | |
| 1931 | Gandhi attends Round Table Conference in London | |
| 1942 | Quit India resolution, Congress leadership jailed | |
| 16 August 1946 | Jinnah proclaims Direct Action Day | |
| 1415 August 1947 | Pakistan and India gain independence from Britain | |
| INDEPENDENT INDIA
| October 1947 | India and Pakistan war in Kashmir |
| 30 January 1948 | Gandhi assassinated | |
| 26 January 1950 | India officially becomes a republic | |
| 1952 | First general election | |
| 1962 | IndiaChina border war | |
| 27 May 1964 | Jawaharlal Nehru dies | |
| September 1965 | India and Pakistan war over Kashmir | |
| January 1966 | Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister | |
| December 1971 |
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