Chen Kertcher - The United Nations and Peacekeeping, 1988-95

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The United Nations and peacekeeping, 198895

The United Nations and peacekeeping, 198895

Chen Kertcher

Manchester University Press

Copyright Chen Kertcher 2016

The right of Chen Kertcher to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Published by Manchester University Press

Altrincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA

www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for

ISBN 978 1 7849 9273 6 hardback

First published 2016

The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Typeset by Out of House Publishing

Contents

This work represents several years of sculpting a manuscript out of a huge marble made of thousands of UN pages.

Above all, I owe special gratitude to Prof. Aron Shai, who challenged me to deal with such a large and ambitious project on a global scale.

The tedious and exhausting work mentally, intellectually and sometimes physically would not have been possible without the support, advice and guidance of the following people: Dr. Efrat Elron, Prof. Elie Barnavi, Prof. James Gow, Prof. Arie Kacowitz, Prof. Billie Melman, M. Des. Willy Mizrahi, Dr. Shimon Naveh, Prof. Benni Neuberger, Prof. Iris Rahamimov, Prof. Raanan Rein, Prof. Galia Golan and Prof. Moti Tamarkin. There are many more, but unfortunately space prevents me from naming all of them.

Special thanks are reserved for the archivists at the UN archives in New York and the UN deposit library at the National Library in Jerusalem.

This work was sponsored by the generous funding of the Israeli Council for Higher Education Rotenstreich Fellowship, a research scholarship from the Tami Steinmetz Peace Center at Tel Aviv University and my time as a junior fellow at the S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies at Tel Aviv University.

My parents, Yosi and Ruti, and my brother, Zack, were a fountain of faith in my work.

Last but not least, I owe apologies and gratitude to my dear wife, Hagar, and our three daughters, who had to bear my endless remarks on the UN and peacekeeping, and still encouraged me to continue. This book is dedicated to them.

Organisations and agencies

ASEAN	Association South East Asian Nations
CIS	Commonwealth of Independent States
DPKO	Department of Peacekeeping Operations
EC	European Community
ECOSOC	Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS	Economic Community of West African States
EU	European Union
ICRC	International Committee of Red Cross
MPLA	Movimento Popular de Libertao de Angola
MSC	Military Staff Committee
NAM	Non-Aligned Movement
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO	non-governmental organisation
OAU	Organization of African Unity
OIC	Organization of Islamic Conference
OSCE	Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
OSPA	Office for Special Political Affairs
P5	Permanent five members of the UN (the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, China and France)
SCPKO	Special Committee for Peacekeeping Operations
SRSG	Special Representative of the Secretary-General
SWAPO	South West Africa People's Organization
TC	Trusteeship Council
UNAVEM	United Nations Angola Verification Mission
UNEF	United Nations Emergency Force
UNFICYP	United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
UNHCR	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNIFIL	United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNITA	Unio Nacional para a Independncia Total de Angola
UNTAG	United Nations Transition Assistance Group
USG	Under-Secretary-General

Cambodia

CPP/SOC	Cambodian Peoples Party/Phnom Penh government
DK	Democratic Kampuchea
FUNCINPEC	Front Uni National pour un Cambodge Indpendant, Neutre, Pacifique, et Coopratif
ICORC	International Committee on the Reconstruction of Cambodia
KPCP	Kampuchean Peoples Revolutionary Party
KPNLF	Khmer People's National Liberation Front
PDK	Party of Democratic Kampuchea / Khmer Rouge
SNC	Supreme National Council
UNAMIC	United Nations Advanced Mission in Cambodia
UNTAC	United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia

Former Yugoslavia

FRY	Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)
ICFY	International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia
ICTY	International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
KFOR	Kosovo Force
NIOD	Netherlands Institute for War Documentation
SFRY	The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
UNMIK	United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
UNPA	United Nations Protected Areas
UNPROFOR	United Nations Protection Force
YNA	Yugoslavia Peoples Army (Jugoslavenka Narodna Armija)

Somalia

SNA	Somali National Alliance
TNC	Transitional National Council
UNITAF	Unified Task Force
UNOSOM	United Nations Operation in Somalia
USC	United Somali Congress

Between the late 1980s and the early 1990s, there was a major shift in the position of the United Nations in the world. After the organisation had been shunted aside for most of the Cold War years, it returned to enjoy international centre stage; the large, multifunctional peacekeeping operations were catalysts in this process. The organisations member states mobilised themselves to promote those initiatives that encouraged both political arrangements and other political, economic and security measures such as humanitarian aid, resettlement of refugees, demobilisation of armed forces, economic development and advancement of good government in order to resolve active conflicts using these tools. Simultaneously, intensive discussion was held between the member states and United Nations institutions regarding the potential of these operations.

This global history study examines the concept and practice of United Nations peacekeeping operations from 1988 to 1995. The research is anchored primarily in United Nations documents produced following the diplomatic discussions that took place in the organisation on the subject of peacekeeping in general and in the cases of Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia and Somalia in particular. Studies on peacekeeping operations tend to overlook the importance of the diplomatic discussions that occurred, and are still occurring, at the United Nations. In this study I chose to examine these discussions in order to uncover the routine realignment of members in political groups that worked on different issues of peacekeeping and thus to offer different explanations from the ones that are usually given on the motivation for executing peacekeeping operations, the way they were executed, and their outcomes in different regions and on the work of the United Nations.

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