George Franklin - Britains Anti-submarine Capability 1919-1939

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Britains Anti-Submarine Capability 19191939

CASS SERIES: NAVAL POLICY AND HISTORY
Series Editor: Geoffrey Till
ISSN 1366-9478

This series consists primarily of original manuscripts by research scholars in the general area of naval policy and history, without national or chronological limitations. It will from time to time also include collections of important articles as well as reprints of classic works.

1. Austro-Hungarian Naval Policy, 19041914

Milan N. Vego

2. Far-Flung Lines: Studies in Imperial Defence in Honour of Donald Mackenzie Schurman

Edited by Keith Neilson and Greg Kennedy

3. Maritime Strategy and Continental Wars

Rear Admiral Raja Menon

4. The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament 19421947

Chris Madsen

5. Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas

Milan N. Vego

6. The Pen and Ink Sailor: Charles Middleton and the Kings Navy, 17781813

John E. Talbott

7. The Italian Navy and Fascist Expansionism, 19351940

Robert Mallett

8. The Merchant Marine and International Affairs, 18501950

Edited by Greg Kennedy

9. Naval Strategy in Northeast Asia: Geo-strategic Goals, Policies and Prospects

Duk-Ki Kim

10. Naval Policy and Strategy in the Mediterranean Sea: Past, Present and Future

Edited by John B. Hattendorf

11. Stalins Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programmes, 19351953

Jrgen Rohwer and Mikhail S. Monakov

12. Imperial Defence, 18681887

Donald Mackenzie Schurman; edited by John Beeler

13. Technology and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century and Beyond

Edited by Phillips Payson OBrien

14. The Royal Navy and Nuclear Weapons

Richard Moore

15. The Royal Navy and the Capital Ship in the Interwar Period: An Operational Perspective

Joseph Moretz

16. Chinese Grand Strategy and Maritime Power

Thomas M. Kane

17. Britains Anti-submarine Capability, 19191939

George Franklin

First published in 2003 in Great Britain and the USA by Frank Cass Publishers

This edition published 2014 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2003 George Franklin. Published by Taylor & Francis.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Franklin, George D.

Britains anti-submarine capability 1919-1939.

(Cass series. Naval policy and history; 17)

1. Anti-submarine warfare - Great Britain- History

2. Great Britain - History, Naval - 20th century

I. Title

359.930941 09042

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Franklin, George D.

Britains anti-submarine capability, 1919-1939/George D. Franklin.

p. cm. - (Cass series-naval policy and history; 17)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-7146-5318-7 (cloth)

1. Anti-submarine warfare-Great Britain-History-20th century.

2. Great Britain. Royal Navy-History-20th century. L Title. II. Series.

V214.F73 2003

359.93-dc21

2002035056

ISBN 13: 978-0-714-65318-1 (hbk)

Typeset in 11/12pt Bembo by FiSH Books, London

Some were brave, some were not, all were human.
To the men who went to sea and faced the U-boats.
But, first among them, to my father.
As he asked us to write on his gravestone
CAPTAIN RICHARD FRANKLIN CBE RN MARINER

Contents

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In his charmingly modest memoirs Admiral Harris Laning, US Navy, reflecting on his time at the US Naval War College in the early 1930s, refers to the widespread view that sailors are intrinsically resistant to new ideas, often through having some ulterior motive. In Lanings time, the particular complaint was that hidebound battleship admirals were reluctant to admit the extent to which technology in the shape of aircraft and submarine was threatening the traditional primacy of the all-big-gun battleship.

This view has also been adopted by a number of scholars, especially amongst those who proceed on the basis of a set of generalisations derived from the social sciences about how innovation does, or does not, take place. Most obviously a new technology comes along and is eventually accepted. It becomes part of the naval establishment. This creates a generation of naval officers with experience of this new technology; partly for career reasons, and partly because they cannot shake off attitudes absorbed in their most formative years, they become a vested interest, defending their now accepted paradigm of naval warfare against even newer challenges coming along in their turn. Almost by definition therefore, naval officers will be a generation behind the times. The only comfort is that their enemies will be too mostly.

Often such scholars are able to make use of the views of naval officers connected with the new technology, disappointed at the slow rate at which their ideas have been adopted or, even worse, furious that they have been rejected altogether. In the case of the Royal Navy of the inter-war period, such views have even heavily influenced the conclusions of its great and much respected semi-official historian Captain Stephen Roskill who argues in his Naval Policy Between The Wars that the British Admiralty of the time did indeed concentrate too much on the conduct of major fleet battles at sea, wanting in particular to re-fight the Battle of Jutland; they did pay too little attention to the impact of airpower at sea and, most dangerous of all, they did neglect the unglamorous demands of the defence of shipping. And even when such conservative admirals were concerned about the defence of shipping, they focused on the wrong kind of threat to it surface raiders not submarines.

This historical debate about the way that conservative naval hierarchies delay the process of adaptation has a good deal of modern salience as we move into a new century of naval operations at sea. Today, there is much talk about the transformational impact of new technology, especially in the shape of computers and micro-processors, and much worry that modern sailors are not responding to such challenges effectively and may well be caught out by it later, as their predecessors were.

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