Ahmet Akgunduz - Labour Migration from Turkey to Western Europe, 1960-1974: A Multidisciplinary Analysis

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Labour Migration from Turkey to Western Europe, 19601974

Research in Migration and Ethnic Relations Series

Series Editor:

Maykel Verkuyten, ERCOMER
Utrecht University

The Research in Migration and Ethnic Relations series has been at the forefront of research in the field for ten years. The series has built an international reputation for cutting edge theoretical work, for comparative research especially on Europe and for nationally-based studies with broader relevance to international issues. Published in association with the European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER), Utrecht University, it draws contributions from the best international scholars in the field, offering an interdisciplinary perspective on some of the key issues of the contemporary world.

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First published 2008 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright Ahmet Akgndz 2008

Ahmet Akgndz has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corpora te na mes ma y be tra dema rks or registered tra dema rks, a nd are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Akgndz, Ahmet, 1952

Labour migration from Turkey to Western Europe, 1960-1974 :

a multidisciplinary analysis. - (Research in migration and

ethnic relations series)

1. Alien labor - Europe, Western - History - 20th century

2. Turkey - Emigration and immigration - History - 20th

century 3. Europe, Western - Emigration and immigration -

History - 20th century

I. Title

331.6'2561'04

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Akgndz, Ahmet.

Labour migration from Turkey to Western Europe, 1960-1974 : a multidisciplinary

analysis / by Ahmet Akgndz.

p. cm. -- (Research in migration and ethnic relations series)

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-7546-7390-3

1. Alien labor, Turkish--Europe, Western--History--20th century. 2. Turkey--Emigration

and immigration. 3. Europe, Western--Emigration and immigration. I. Title.

HD8378.5.T8A54 2008

331.6'25610409046--dc22

2008005037

ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-7390-3 (hbk)

Contents

1. ii

Guide

Many people helped me in so many ways to complete this study. I would first like to thank the librarians of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam and the staff of the Ankara Branch of the BK. I would like particularly to thank Erhan Tuskan, Ate Kutluer, Metin Gr, Hans Mader and Karina Hof. I would also like to thank Jan Rath, the director of IMES. I am grateful to Dr. Bekam Bilalolu, Murat Ik, Gnay zveren, Tugut Knay and Erdoan Barutu for giving interviews and kindly answering my questions. I owe a great deal to Metin Bilgin, the Director of the Department of Press and Public Relations of the Directorate-General of the BK. Without his generous help, I could not have found some important BK publications nor reached some of my interviewees. I would like to thank my daughter, A. Seyhan Akgndz, who spared the time to help make and check the map and the tables.

I am indebted to Veit M. Bader and Rinus Penninx for reading an earlier version of this study carefully. I benefited from their useful remarks and comments. I owe the subtitle to Rinus Penninx. More importantly, as the director of IMES until October 2005, he provided me with a workplace at IMES, without which this study would simply not have been possible. IMES also gave me financial support to visit the Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit in Nrnberg.

Ahmet Akgndz
Amsterdam, 2008

ADRBA	Archive of the Dutch Recruitment Bureau in Ankara
BfA	Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit (German Federal Labour Office)
CBS	Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Dutch Central Bureau for Statistics)
DE	Devlet statistik Enstits (Turkish State Institute of Statistics)
DPT	Devlet Planlama Tekilat (Turkish State Planning Organisation)
BK	ve i Bulma Kurumu (Turkish Employment Service)
OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
SB	Statistisches Bundesamt (German Federal Office for Statistics)
SC	Statistiska Centralbyrn (Swedish Central Statistical Office)

Chapter 1
Introduction

Why this Study?

This study is about the migration of Turkish nationals to Western Europe as migrant workers during the official recruitment period from 1960 to 1974. The studies available on this subject are usually from the 1960s or 1970s. It seems that, since roughly the second half of the 1970s, the focus of academic research has shifted from the labour migration itself to issues pertaining to its transformation into permanent settlement. With regard to the studies of the past, three main points can be made. First, they are marked by the theoretical limitations of their time and, thus, are rather narrow in theoretical approach and methodology. Second, with to a certain extent the exception of only one publication, they are either case studies or merely address selected aspect(s) of the subject. And third, and rather unusually, the assessments of some of them in various areas are based on pure supposition not on an existing and at that time easily accessible set of hard evidence and thus are erroneous.

Moreover, misperceptions and erroneous assessments of the 1960s and 1970s, sometimes in updated forms, have re-emerged in several later publications that also touch upon the post-war labour migration to Europe in general and the Turkish labour migration in particular. For example, the Turkish labour migration to Western European countries was implicitly, and sometimes explicitly, presumed to be Turkeys first participation in international migration. Perhaps due to the scarcity of research on historical migrations to and from Turkey as well as the lack of a multi-disciplinary approach in migration research, the question of whether Turkey had experienced international migratory movements before 1960 and if so, whether they have any relevance to the labour migration to the West was never raised. Some two decades after the end of the official labour migration, an institute in Germany known to be an authority on Turkish origin immigrants asserted that Anatolia).

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