Winston Ramsey - Axis Occupation of Europe Then and Now

THE AXIS OCCUPATION

OF EUROPE

THEN AND NOW

This book is dedicated to the millions of civilian casualties of the Second World War throughout occupied Europe, killed by military action, slaughtered in reprisals, executed as political prisoners or extinguished by starvation.

THE AXIS OCCUPATION OF EUROPE

THEN AND NOW

Winston and Gail Ramsey

ISBN: 9 781870 067 935

eISBN: 9 781399 076 098

Mobi ISBN: 9 781399 076 098

First published in Great Britain in 2018 by After the Battle

Published in 2021 by After the Battle,

An imprint of

Pen & Sword Books Limited

Yorkshire Philadelphia

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.

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Pages included with updated stories from After the Battle are presented within boxed borders in this book.

PHOTOGRAPHS

Alamy: 204 top, 305 bottom. Esther Ancoli-Barbasch: 285 bottom. Sergio Andreanelli: 14 all, 221 bottom left. Byelorussian State Museum of the His-tory of the Great Patriotic War: 292 top right and bottom. Ardit Bicaj: 271 top right. Phillip Birnbaum: 260 top and bottom. James Blevins: 285 top, 295 centre. Charles E. Brown: 213 centre, 215 top. Yelena Brusilovsky: 290 top left. Bundesarchiv: 81 centre (101I-012-0022-23 LANZINGER), 82 top left (RH 82-00079 MENSING), 87 bottom left (695/412/12), 181 centre (183-1985-1216-524), 219 centre (101I-185-0412-14A), 224 top (101I-166-0525-19) and bottom left (101I-166-0525-08), 225 top left (101I-166-0525-39), top right (101I-166-0525-29), centre left (101I-166-0525-30), centre right (101I-166-0525-36) and bottom left (101I-166-0527-04), 247 top (121-0726), 248 top (121-0723), 252 top (101I-185-0116-02A), 252 centre (F016229-0014), 324 top left (101I-312-D983-16), 324 top right (101I-312-D83-0983-15), 325 centre (101I-312-0983-10), 326 top left (101I-312-D983-25), 326 centre (101I-312-D983-24), 327 top (101I-312-D983-03), 327 centre (101I-312-0983-05). George Birman: 277 top and bottom left. Peter Chamberlain: 26 bottom left and right. CTK: 47 top, 52 centre left, 53 top, 56 top, 57 top, 58 top left, 59 top, 64 centre, bottom left and right. Bernard Debruyne: 194 top left and right, centre, bottom left. Ada Dekhtyar: 293 top, 294. Millicent Diamond: 347 top left and right. ECPAD: 81 top left (DAT 3112 L22), 275 top. Ekebergparken: 115 bottom right. Rebecca Green: 103 bottom, 105 bottom. Peter Gunn: 201 top, 202 bottom left. Hadassah Bimko Rosensaft: 348 top. Douglas Hinton: 106 bottom. Hochschule fr Musik und Theater Mnchen: 20 bottom. Egon Horvat: 249 bottom. Thomas Hughes: 171 bottom. Instytut Pamieci Narodowej: 289 top left. Nikola Jelenkovic: 262 bottom right, 263 bottom, 273 centre. Jewish Historical Museum, Belgrade: 268 bottom right, 269 top left. Joachim Joachimczyk: 87 top. Boris Kosic: 267 bottom right. Hubert Kuberski: 304 top left. Henry Landman: 263 top and centre. Karel Margry: 135 bottom, 137 bottom, 139 centre, 140 bottom, 141 centre and bottom, 142 bottom, 143 top right and bottom, 145 centre and bottom, 146 bottom, 147 bottom, 148 both, 149 both, 150 all, 151, 152 top left and right, centre, bottom, 153 top, 154 top and bottom left, 155 bottom right, 162 bottom, 163 bottom right, 164 top right and bottom, 167 bottom, 168 bottom, 169 centre, 170 top right and bottom, 276 bottom. Harry Marsh: 11 bottom left, 23 bottom, 24 top right, 34 bottom both, 45 bottom right, 47 bottom right, 48 top, 52 centre right, 58 bottom right. Memorijalni muzej Jasenovac: 257 bottom, 265 bottom left, 267 top and bottom left, 268 top 270 top left and rights. Craig Morfitt: 207 bottom. Alessandra Mori: 315 bottom right, 316 bottom right, 317 bottom, 318 top and bottom right, 319 bottom, 320 bottom, 321 top right and bottom. Dan Mouritszen: 102 top both and bottom. Museum of Danish Resistance: 106 top right. NIOD: 317 centre (19508) Julius Norwilla: 279 bottom. Muzej Revolucije Narodnosti Jugoslavije: 254 bottom left, 257 top, 258 top right, 259 top left, 268 bottom left, 273 top. Norwegian Industrial Workers Museum: 124 bottom left and right. Vclav Novk: 33 bottom, 45 bottom left, 57 bottom left. Terry OBrien: 212 top right, centre and bottom. Tony Oliver: 123 bottom, 124 top left, 125 top and bottom right. Patrick Ott: 224 bottom right, 225 bottom right, 226 bottom right. Jean-Paul Pallud: 126, 127 top and bottom left, 156 top, 172 top right, 174 bottom, 177, 178 top both, centre left, bottom both, 179 all, 180 centre, 184 top left and right, 185 top, 187 top and bottom right, 188 bottom, 189 bottom, 190 bottom, 195 bottom, 207 top right, 204 bottom, 226 bottom left, 339 top left, 342 bottom left. George Pararas-Carayannis: 223 top left and right. Colin Partridge: 208 bottom right, 210 bottom right, 214 centre right, 265 bottom. Tony Pike: 209 centre, 210 top right, 213 bottom. Robert Porter: 37 top, 38 bottom, 39 top, 40 bottom, 46 bottom right, 52 top both, 55 bottom right, 59 bottom right. Brana Radovic: 196 all, 197 centre and bottom, 201 centre and bottom. Gail Ramsey: 16 top right, 223 bottom right, 229 both, 230 top left and right, 231 all, 233 centre and bottom right, 243 bottom, 309 top, 328 top right and bottom, 331 bottom. Pauline Robinson: 350 top right. Kylie Rogers: 53 bottom, 56 bottom. Royal Court Guernsey: 214 top, centre left and bottom. Eugene Shnaider: 289 bottom left and right. Societ Jersiaise: 209 bottom right. Society for the Study of the ETO: 12 bottom left and right, 15 top left, right and bottom, 16 top left and bottom, 17 bottom left, 27 top and bottom left, 28 top left, 30 centre, 32 top, 39 bottom, 40 top, 42 all, 43 all, 46 top left and right, 58 top right, 61 top, 62 top left, right and centre, 73 top, 108 top, 109 top, 116 top, 117 bottom, 121 bottom, 145 top left, 165 all, 166 top right and bottom, 167 top right, 168 top, 169 top and bottom, 170 top left and centre, 198 both, 202 top right, 287 top and bottom both. Nikita Tiepliszczew: 181 bottom. Alan Tomkins: 123 top right. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: 255, 256 top, 259 bottom left, 261, 271 top left, 274 top, 280 top, 282 bottom, 283 top. United States National Archives: 89 bottom, 155 top right, 195 top, 288 bottom left, 289 top right, 299 top right, 302 bottom, 315 top. Yad Vashem: 280 bottom, 298 top. Thomas Wartenberg: 288 bottom right. Warsaw Uprising Museum: 80 bottom left. YIVO Archives: 32 bottom both, 36, 37 bottom, 38 top, 41, 44 top left and bottom, 45 top, 50 both, 51 top, 64 top. Fred Yvonne: 200 bottom. Samuel B. Zisman: 344 bottom.

FRANCE