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Xiaoming Zhang - Deng Xiaopings Long War: The Military Conflict Between China and Vietnam, 1979-1991

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Book:
Deng Xiaopings Long War: The Military Conflict Between China and Vietnam, 1979-1991
Author:
Xiaoming Zhang
Publisher:
University of North Carolina Press
Genre:
Books / History
Year:
2018
City:
Chapel Hill
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4 / 5
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The surprise Chinese invasion of Vietnam in 1979 shocked the international community. The two communist nations had seemed firm political and cultural allies, but the twenty-nine-day border war imposed heavy casualties, ruined urban and agricultural infrastructure, leveled three Vietnamese cities, and catalyzed a decadelong conflict. In this groundbreaking book, Xiaoming Zhang traces the roots of the conflict to the historic relationship between the peoples of China and Vietnam, the ongoing Sino-Soviet dispute, and Chinese leader Deng Xiaopings desire to modernize his country. Dengs perceptions of the Soviet Union, combined with his plans for economic and military reform, shaped Chinas strategic vision. Drawing on newly declassified Chinese documents and memoirs by senior military and civilian figures, Zhang takes readers into the heart of Beijings decision-making process and illustrates the wars importance for understanding the modern Chinese military, as well as Chinas role in the Asian-Pacific world today.

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Deng Xiaopings Long War

THE NEW COLD WAR HISTORY

Odd Arne Westad, editor

This series focuses on new interpretations of the Cold War era made possible by the opening of Soviet, Eastern European, Chinese, and other archives. Books in the series based on multilingual and multiarchival research incorporate interdisciplinary insights and new conceptual frameworks that place historical scholarship in a broad, international context.

2015 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved

Designed and set in Minion and Gotham types by Rebecca Evans
Manufactured in the United States of America
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability
of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the
Council on Library Resources. The University of North Carolina Press
has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.

Jacket illustrations: Deng Xiaoping, as the new chair of the CMC,
reviewing the PLA forces after they completed a joint war exercise, June
1981 (cpc.peoples.com.cn); PLA artillery positions on the Guangxi front,
1979 (Courtesy Xiaobing Li); background paper depositphotos.com/ robynmac

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Zhang, Xiaoming, 1951
Deng Xiaopings long war : the military conflict between China and
Vietnam, 19791991 / Xiaoming Zhang.
pages cm. (The New Cold War History)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4696-2124-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4696-2125-8 (ebook)
1. Sino-Vietnamese Conflict, 1979. 2. Deng, Xiaoping, 19041997
Military leadership. I. Title.
DS559.916.Z48 2015 959.7044dc23
2014037021

Portions of this work have appeared previously, in somewhat different form, as Chinas War with Vietnam: A Reassessment, China Quarterly 184 (December 2005), 2005 China Quarterly, reprinted by permission of Cambridge University Press, and Deng Xiaoping and Chinas Decision to Go to War with Vietnam, Journal of Cold War Studies 12, no. 3 (Summer 2010).

For Shengli Fang and Connie H. Zhang

Contents

1 The Roots of the
Sino-Vietnamese Conflict

Maps and Illustrations

Maps

1 China xvi

2 Chinas invasion of Vietnam, 1979

3 Vietnamese Military Dispositions since 1979

4 PLA Operations along the Sino-Vietnamese Border, 19811984

5 The Battles of Laoshan and Bailihedongshan, 19841987

Illustrations

Deng Xiaoping, 1979

Deng Xiaoping at a dinner hosted by Zbigniew Brzezinski, 28 January 1979

Deng Xiaoping and Jimmy Carter, 29 January 1979

Jimmy Carter and Deng Xiaoping in the Oval Office, 29 January 1979

Deng Xiaoping and Xu Shiyou, 1984

PLA infantrymen ride on tanks, 1979

PLA troops at Thay Nai, Vietnam, 1979

PLA artillery positions on the Guangxi front, 1979

Militiamen bring ammunition to the front, 1979

Laoshan and Dongshan, 1984

The reconnaissance company of the 138th Division, September 1985

PLA troops attack Height 211, 1 June 1985

Soldiers drink rainwater, 1986

Stretcher bearers carry wounded soldiers, 1985

A slaughtered pig being delivered to the troops, 1986

College students welcome returning troops, 1986

Acknowledgments

I could not have completed this book without the institutional and financial support I have received. In particular, I thank the Air University Foundation for a grant that enabled me to do research in China in the summer of 2007 and the Air War College for a 201011 sabbatical that allowed me to finish an initial draft of the book.

Richard Hallion, Robert Ross, and two anonymous readers read the entire manuscript, while Andrew Scobell and Odd Arne Westad read an earlier vision of the manuscript and provided with critical comments and suggestions. In addition, Hallion, a mentor and friend, also did extensive editorial work on the manuscript. I am forever in his debt. Numerous individuals have helped me develop the Vietnamese side of my story. In particular, Merle Pribbenow provided translations of many Vietnamese-language materials and shared his knowledge and insights on the Vietnamese records. Li Danhui and Shen Zihua never tired of sharing newly available Chinese documents from their research.

I also thank the friends, colleagues, and fellow scholars who either have read and commented on parts of the manuscript at various stages or have supported me in other valuable ways: Cai Pengcen, Chao Lihua, Dai Chaowu, David Graff, Amid Gupta, Liu Lei, Martin Loicano, L Zhaoyi, Tao Liang, Arthur Waldron, Yu Weimin, and Zhai Qiang. My special thanks go to Shao Xiao, a history PhD student at East China Normal University and now a faculty member at Lingnan University, who patiently and efficiently helped me collect numerous Chinese publications. I also thank Wang Huazhang, a war veteran, for allowing me to use photos from his personal collections.

The staffs of several libraries offered essential assistance: the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum; the Yunnan Provincial Archives; the Shanghai Library; and the libraries of the Air University, East China Normal University, and Yunnan University. Members of the University of North Carolina Press editorial staff deserve great credit for their assistance in publishing this book. Cecelia Cancellaro, a freelance copy editor, did a superlative job, saving me from more mistakes than I can enumerate.

I owe a great deal to my wife, Shengli Fang, and daughter, Connie, who have tolerated my absence and inattention while I was researching and writing this study. I could not have completed it without their support and understanding of how much this book means to me.

A WORD ON ORTHOGRAPHY: I employed the Pinyin form of romanizing the names of all Chinese persons and places, with the exception of Chiang Kai-shek. Apostrophes are used occasionally to help with pronunciation. The spelling of Vietnamese personal and place names follows the commonly accepted forms used in English-language literature on Vietnam (e.g., Ho Chi Minh, Le Duan, Ngo Dien Diem, Hanoi, Cao Bang, and Lang Son). Uncommon Vietnamese place names are taken from Vietnamese maps, with the assistance of the Tu Dien Han-Viet Hien Dai (Modern Chinese-Vietnamese Dictionary).

The views expressed in this book are mine and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Department of the Air Force, the U.S. Department of Defense, or the U.S. government.

Abbreviations

AAA	antiaircraft artillery
ASEAN	Association of Southeast Asian Nations
CCP	Chinese Communist Party
CIA	Central Intelligence Agency
CMC	Central Military Commission
DRV	Democratic Republic of Vietnam
GLD	General Logistics Department
GPD	General Political Department
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NLF	National Liberation Front
PAVN	Peoples Army of Vietnam

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