Bulent Gokay - Eastern Europe Since 1970: Decline of Socialism to Post-Communist Transition

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Eastern Europe since 1970

First published 2001 by Pearson Education Limited

Published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2001, Taylor & Francis.

The right of Blent Gkay to be identified as author
of this work has been asserted by him in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN 13: 978-0-582-32858-7 (pbk)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is
available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gkay, Blent.

Eastern Europe since 1970 / Blent Gkay.

p. cm. -- (Seminar studies in history)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-582-32858-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)

1. Europe, Eastern--History--1945-1989. 2. Europe, Eastern--History--1989- I. Title. II. Series.

DJK50 .G628 2001
947.0009045--dc21

2001022349

Such is the of historical enquiry in the modern world that there is ever-widening gap between the specialist article monograph, incorporating the of research, and general surveys, which invetably out date, Seminar Studies History is designed to bridge this gap. The series was founded by Patrick Richardson in 1966 and his aim was to cover major themes in British, Eiropean and world history. Between 1980 and 1996 Roger LockyerEmsley and Bordon Martal. Clive Emsley Professor History at the Open University, while Gordon Martel is Professor InternationalHistory at the University of Northern British Colurnbia, Canada, and Senior Research Fellow at De Montfort University.

All the books are written by experts in field who are nofamiliar with the latest research but have often contributed to it. are frequently revised, in order to take account of new information and interpretations. They provide a selection documents to illustrate. major themes and provoke dicussion, and also a guide to further reading. The aim of Seminar Studies in History is to clarify complex issue without over-simplifying them, and to stimulate readers into deepening their knowledge and understanding of major themes and topics.

Readers should note that numbers in square brackets [5] refer them to the corresponding entry in the Bibliography at the end of the book (specific page numbers are given in italics). A number in square brackets preceded by Doc. [Doc. 5] refers readers to the corresponding item in the Documents section which follows the main text.

We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:

British Broadcasting Corporation/Czech Radio for an extract from a speech by Alexander Dubek on 21.12.68 taken from Summary of World Broadcasts, 1968; Greenpeace International for an extact from the article Is Poland lost? by Sabine Rosenbladt in Greenpeace 13 (6) November- December 1988, article courtesy of Greenpeace USA; Quartet Books for an extract from Poland: Genesis of a Revolution editied by Abraham Brumberg; Quartet Books/Harcourt for an extract from Antipolitics: An Essay by Gyorgy Konrad 1984 translated by Richard E. Allen 1984; Scribner, a Division of Simon & Schuster for an extract from Germany and Eastern Europe since 1945 Copyright 1973 by Keesings Publications Limited; Taylor & Francis Books Ltd for an extract from Charter 77 and Human Rights in Czechoslovakia by H. Gordon Skilling 1981: Taylor & Francis/ M.E. Sharpe for extracts from The Power of the Powerless by Vclav Havel, published by Routledge (Unwin Hyman); University of California Press for an extract from KOR: A History of the WorkersDefense Committee in Poland 1985 by Jan Jozef Lipski and Letters from Freedom: Post-Cold War Realities and Perspective 1988 by Adam Michnik.

We have been unable to trace the copyright holder of Perestroika Annual edited by Abel A. Ganbegyan and would appreciate any information which would enable us to do so.

Figure 1 from Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, Third Edition, Hoover Institution Press (Staar, R.F. 1977); Table 2 from Comecon Data 1990, Macmillan Ltd (Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies, 1991).

We have been unable to trace the copyright holder of Nationalism and Communism in Romania by Trond Gilberg and would appreciate any information which would enable us to do so.

Plate 1 reproduced courtesy of Gilles Peress Magnum Photos; Plate 2 reproduced courtesy of The Associated Press Ltd; Plate 3 reproduced courtesy of Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, from Art as Activist: Revolutionary Posters from Central and Eastern Europe; Plate 4 reproduced courtesy of Agence France Presse.

While every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material, in a few cases this has proved impossible and we take this opportunity to offer our apologies to any copyright holders whose rights we have unwittingly infringed.

Map 1 Physical features of Eastern Europe

Map 2 Eastern Europe, November 1955-October 1990

Map 3 Eastern Europe, 1996

1968
January	Alexander Dubcek replaces Novotny as Czechoslovak Party leader.
March	Novotny is also ousted from the presidency. Student demonstrations in Poland.
April	Action Programme of basic reform is announced in Prague.
June	Warsaw Pact warns Czechoslovakia against excessive reform. Soviet and Czechoslovak leaders reach a temporary agreement. Student demonstrations in Yugoslavia.

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