S TUDIES IN A FRICAN A MERICAN H ISTORY AND C ULTURE
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Colgate University
A R OUTLEDGE S ERIES
S TUDIES IN A FRICAN A MERICAN H ISTORY AND C ULTURE
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T HE R ISE AND F ALL OF THE G ARVEY M OVEMENT IN THE U RBAN S OUTH , 19181942 Claudrena N. Harold
T HE R ISE AND F ALL OF THE G ARVEY M OVEMENT IN THE U RBAN S OUTH , 19181942
Claudrena N. Harold
Routledge
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2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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First issued in paperback 2012
ISBN13: 978-0-415-95619-2 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-80402-8 (pbk)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Harold, Claudrena N.
The rise and fall of the Garvey movement in the urban South, 19181942 / by Claudrena N. Harold.
p. cm. (Studies in African American history and culture)
Based on authors thesis (Ph. D.)University of Notre Dame, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-415-95619-2
1. Garvey, Marcus, 18871940. 2. Garvey, Marcus, 18871940Political and social views. 3. African AmericansSouthern StatesPolitics and government20th century. 4. African AmericansRace identitySouthern States-History20th century. 5. Black nationalismSouthern StatesHistory20th century. 6. Universal Negro Improvement Association. 7. Southern StatesRace relationsHistory20th century. 8. Southern StatesPolitics and government18651950. 9. City and town lifeSouthern StatesHistory20th century. 10. African AmericansBiography. I. Title.
E185.97.G3H37 2007
305.8960730750904-dc22 2006035788
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Formyamazingmother,
SherylP. Harold
Contents
Completing this book would have been impossible without the love, encouragement, wisdom, criticism, and spiritual guidance of countless family, friends, mentors, colleagues, archivists, and political activists. A number of institutions have been supportive of my research project: the National Archives, the Library of Congress, the Rare Book, Manuscripts, and Special Collections Library at Duke University, the Special Collections Library at the University of Southern Mississippi, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the University of Notre Dame, the University of Virginia, and Temple University.
Central to the completion of this book has been the insightful work of several scholars whove produced critically important studies on the Garvey Movement: Tony Martin, Theodore Vincent, Judith Stein, Michele Mitchell, Jahi Issa, Mary Gambrell Rolinson, Wilson Moses, Barbara Bair, and Ula Taylor. An important intellectual who has contributed immensely to broadening our understanding of black radical and nationalist movements, Robert Hill created intellectual space for those of us trying to better illuminate the Garvey movements complexities, ambiguities, and regional variations. Of course, Ive drawn inspiration not only from these and other scholars, but also from the courageous women and men in the UNIA who labored toward the creation of a better world for African people. Much appreciation to the late Estelle James, Millie Charles, and Florence Borders for sharing their stories.
Special thanks to all the lovely people from my Temple University days. A basketball scholarship was responsible for my journey to the City of Brotherly Love, but selecting Temple proved to be an excellent academic decision. Three wonderful people changed my life, transformed my thinking, and launched me on this crazy career path: Mario Beatty, Valethia Watkins-Beatty, and Greg Carr. Especially enriching during these years was the friendship of Brian Jones. Lengthy discussions with Greg, Mario, Valethia, Brian, among others in Temples African-American Studies Department, planted the intellectual seeds for this book and instilled within me a greater appreciation for the richness, diversity, and utility of black nationalism. Other scholars who also enriched my experience included Nathaniel Norment, Bettye Collier-Thomas, Theophile Obenga, and of course Charles Blockson. A special thanks to Nathaniel and Rose Norment and Tanya Clark for providing shelter during my research and pleasure trips to Philadelphia and New York.