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Jeffrey R. Kerr-Ritchie - Rites of August First: Emancipation Day in the Black Atlantic World

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Rites of August First: Emancipation Day in the Black Atlantic World: summary, description and annotation

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Thirty years before Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, the antislavery movement won its first victory in the British Parliament. On August 1, 1834, the Abolition of Slavery Bill took effect, ending colonial slavery throughout the British Empire. Over the next three decades, August First Day, also known as West India Day and Emancipation Day, became the most important annual celebration of emancipation among people of African descent in the northern United States, the British Caribbean, Canada West, and the United Kingdom and played a critical role in popular mobilization against American slavery. In Rites of August First, J. R. Kerr-Ritchie provides the first detailed analysis of the origins, nature, and consequences of this important commemoration that helped to shape the age of Anglo-American emancipation.
Combining social, cultural, and political history, Kerr-Ritchie discusses the ideological and cultural representations of August First Day in print, oratory, and visual images. Spanning the Western hemisphere, Kerr-Ritchies study successfully unravels the cultural politics of emancipation celebrations, analyzing the social practices informed by public ritual, symbol, and spectacle designed to elicit feelings of common identity among blacks in the Atlantic World. Rites of August First shows how and why the commemorative events changed between British emancipation and the freeing of slaves in the United States a generation later, while also examining the connections among local, regional, and international commemorations.
While shedding light on an important black institution that has been long ignored, Rites of August First also contributes to the broader study of emancipation and black Atlantic identity. Its transnational approach challenges local and national narratives that have largely shaped previous investigations of these questions. Kerr-Ritchie shows how culture and community were truly political at this important historical moment and, most broadly, how politics and culture converge and profoundly influence each other.

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RITES of AUGUST FIRST
Antislavery, Abolition, and the Atlantic World
R. J. M. Blackett and James Brewer Stewart, Series Editors
RITES of AUGUST FIRST
Emancipation Day in the Black Atlantic World
J. R. KERR-RITCHIE
Published by Louisiana State University Press Copyright 2007 by Louisiana State - photo 1
Published by Louisiana State University Press
Copyright 2007 by Louisiana State University Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing
Designer: Tammi deGeneres
Typeface: Centaur MT
Typesetter: G&S Typesetters, Inc.
Printer and binder: Edwards Brothers, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kerr-Ritchie, Jeffrey R.
Rites of August First : Emancipation Day in the Black Atlantic world / J.R. Kerr-Ritchie.
p. cm. (Antislavery, abolition, and the Atlantic world)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8071-3232-6 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Emancipation Day (British West Indies) 2. SlavesEmancipationWest Indies, British. 3. SlavesEmancipationOntario. I. title.
HT1031.K47 2007
326.8dc22
2006024849
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Picture 2
In memory of my grandmother Joyce French (19212005)
Contents
INTRODUCTION
Transnational Emancipation Day
CHAPTER 1
August First in the British West Indies
CHAPTER 2
West Indian Emancipation and the American Antislavery Picnic
CHAPTER 3
August First in Afro-America
CHAPTER 4
Black Loyalists in Canada West
CHAPTER 5
Fugitive Slaves in Canada West
CHAPTER 6
Rehearsal for War: Black Militias in the Atlantic World
CHAPTER 7
Emancipation in Pan-African Perspective
Tables
Acknowledgments
One of the pleasures of completing a book is the opportunity it provides to thank supporting institutions, colleagues, librarians, students, and friends.
I would like to begin by thanking Associate Director Robert P. Forbes and Director David B. Davis at the Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance and Abolition at Yale University. They awarded me a senior fellowship, together with a wonderful office and access to superb archival resources. The two major consequences were time to think about what exactly this book was going to be about, and an appreciation for the strengths and weaknesses of Anglo-American abolition. I would also like to thank secretary Mary Mahon for her help and good cheer.
Many thanks to Scholars Program Director Colin Palmer and Center Director Howard Dodson at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. They provided me with a six-month fellowship, access to a wonderful collection of archival materials, and serious scholarly exchange. Peter Hobbs was a fine research assistant: I hope he makes that independent movie one day! Troy Belle, Koreen Duncan, Genette McLaurin, Betty Odabashian, Michael Roudette, Donnalee Simon, Jatta Musa, and Pablo Jarama in General Research and Reference were unfailingly helpful in answering my questions. Miriam Jiminez Roman patiently steered the scholars through the logistics of the program. I cannot end without nods to the band of brothers: Ken Bilby, Frank Guridy, Winston Kennedy, and George Priestley. I trust the combination of serious discussion and easy conversation in the scholars closet office improved their books; it certainly helped with this one.
If fellowships at Yale and the Schomburg helped in the research for this book, it was a fellowship at the National Humanities Center in Durham, North Carolina, which facilitated its writing. Deputy Director Kent Mulliken and Director Geoffrey Harpham provided constant financial support and encouragement for this project throughout 20034. Thanks to the library staff of Jean Houston, Betsy Dain, and Marianne Watson for their super efficiency and good grace to meet countless requests. I would also like to thank editor Karen Carroll for her patience, Philip Barron and Joel Elliot for their assistance with computing, and Bernice Patterson and Virginia Guilfoile for their warm friendship. Thanks, too, to my fellow fellows for their intellectual support and fun company: Jordanna Bailkin, Lee Baker, Thomas Brothers, John Carson, Tom Cogswell, Lewis Erenberg, Sam Floyd, Gabrielle Foreman, Elizabeth Kennedy, James Peacock, Theda Purdue, and Brad Weiss.
The research for this book took me to archival collections and libraries at Cornell University, the National Library of Scotland and the New College Library in Edinburgh, the Ontario Archives in Toronto, the State University of New York at Binghamton, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, the University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, Vaasar College, and Yale University. While I regrettably cannot name all those archivists, librarians, and individuals who assisted me, I can offer my sincerest appreciation and thanks to these hardworking and committed staff who make our historical research so rewarding.
Shukran to Ashraf Rushdy, Bob Engs, and Tom Dublin, all of whom constantly encouraged this project, through the tough as well as easy times.
Many thanks to the folks at Louisiana State University Press, including Antislavery, Abolition, and the Atlantic World series editors R. J. M. Blackett and James Brewer Stewart for insightful comments on an earlier draft, and acquisitions editor Rand Dotson for his efficiency. My thanks also to anonymous outside readers at Louisiana State University Press and the University of North Carolina Press.
I would especially like to give credit to numerous colleagues for comments on chapters, source suggestions, and post-presentation feedback over the years. They include Ken Bilby, Richard Blackett, Bridget Brereton, Jacqueline Glass Campbell, John Carson, Ira Dworkin, Bob Engs, Harold Forsythe, Steven Gregory, Josh Guild, Peter Hitchcock, Cindy Horan, Joel Kaye, Michelle Kuhl, Winston James, Steve Middleton, Colin Palmer, Tiffany Patterson, Dylan Penningroth, Ashraf Rushdy, Loren Schweninger, Kitty Sklar, Betsy Traube, and Carlton Wilson. The usual caveat of personal responsibility for errors applies.
Although much of this book was researched and written away from the classroom, the impact of students was ever-present. Shouts out to those who participated in my courses on Comparative Slavery, Comparative Emancipation, Black Protest Movements, Black Intellectuals, and African-American History at Wesleyan, SUNY-Binghamton, Columbia University, and UNC-Greensboro.
I would like to end by expressing my gratitude to nonacademic friends who supported this project. Bear, Nicolette, Clifford, and Leah Lowe-Davies in Oakville, Canada, provided evenings of fun after long days at the Ontario Archives. Kirk and Joe Ifill put up with me on two visits to Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Leah Gardiner and Barbara and Michael Jackson in Philadelphia have always believed in my work. Kidd and Jennifer Dorn were both supportive and fun during the fellowship year in New York City. A toast to the James Joyce crew in Durham for those relaxing moments.
Finally, my thanks to Elizabeth R. L. for her support, patience, and love.
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