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Alan J. Potter - The History of Jerusalem: Its Origins to the Early Middle Ages

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Alan J. Potter The History of Jerusalem: Its Origins to the Early Middle Ages
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Fascinating revelations of the parts played by David, Solomon, Judas Maccabee, Pompey, Cleopatra, Justinian, and others in the making of the city.
Jerusalem is one of the oldest cities in the world, with evidence of an original settlement dating back more than 4,000 years. Vitally important was the supply of water provided by the Gihon Spring, in a land that normally experienced rainfall only from November to March. Since then this Middle Eastern city has been attacked and devastated on numerous occasions.
Former rulers include King David, who established the City of David, and his son Solomon, who expanded Jerusalem and built the first Great Temple on Mount Moriah. Destruction 2,600 years ago saw most of the inhabitants exiled to Babylon, but as the Jewish diaspora returned, the Temple and city were rebuilt. Wars between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid successors of Alexander the Great seemed endless, but the resistance of the Maccabee brothers eventually led to the glorious reign of the Hasmonean kings.
Roman interference and the enforcement of the despotic Herod the Great as king led inevitably to the catastrophic Jewish/Roman wars, and Jerusalem was once again destroyed. Christianity eventually facilitated a reinvigorated Byzantine Jerusalem, which became one of the worlds most beautiful cities. The bubonic plague was survived, but a new low saw the Persians sack the city before Heraclius triumphantly returned Christs True Cross to Jerusalem.
The History of Jerusalem: Its Origins to the Early Middle Ages is the first of its kind to examine in detail the rich history of Jerusalem during antiquity up to the year 630 CE. This in-depth account goes further than other volumes in terms of the breadth and scale of events covered, and offers an unbiased but critical appraisal of the colorful history of Jerusalem and the surrounding areas.

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THE HISTORY OF JERUSALEM
ITS ORIGINS TO THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
THE HISTORY OF JERUSALEM
ITS ORIGINS TO THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
ALAN J. POTTER
The History of Jerusalem Its Origins to the Early Middle Ages - image 1
First published in Great Britain in 2020 by
Pen & Sword History
An imprint of
Pen & Sword Books Ltd
Yorkshire - Philadelphia
Copyright 2020 Alan J. Potter
ISBN 978 1 52678 329 5
eISBN 978 1 52678 330 1
Mobi ISBN 978 1 52678 331 8
The right of Alan J. Potter to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.
Pen & Sword Books Ltd incorporates the Imprints of Pen & Sword Archaeology, Atlas, Aviation, Battleground, Discovery, Family History, History, Maritime, Military, Naval, Politics, Railways, Select, Transport, True Crime, Fiction, Frontline Books, Leo Cooper, Praetorian Press, Seaforth Publishing, Wharncliffe and White Owl.
For a complete list of Pen & Sword titles please contact
PEN & SWORD BOOKS LIMITED
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Website: www.pen-and-sword.co.uk
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PEN AND SWORD BOOKS
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Contents
Authors Statement
Ten years ago, as I began the countdown to my retirement, I thought I would like to embark on a project that was very different from my long-term commitment to company accounts, stocks, shares, indices and increasingly arduous anti-money laundering regulations. That is not so say that my preceding decades had not been interesting, nor worthwhile, but enough was enough and I now craved mental stimulation of a very different kind.
History seemed a natural choice real stories about real people and after a number of false starts, I decided upon Jerusalem. My wife of thirty-seven years had been born in Bethlehem, where the Roman Catholic community is treated mostly with disdain by the majority Muslim population and with caution by the Israeli authorities, and I had visited nearby Jerusalem with my wife and children during the 1990s.
I was fascinated by Jerusalems Old City and why this tiny place was so important to so many of todays religious groups Jews, Muslims and a variety of Christians creeds such as Roman Catholics, Armenians and Greek Orthodox. It was not until I began my Jerusalem project that I realized how little I knew and this enabled me to arrive at an inescapable conclusion: as a self-respecting pedant, I had to start at the very beginning.
In order to annotate to the depth that I felt would make the project worthwhile, I have concluded just before the well-documented subsequent periods, which others have chronicled. I hope that any readers of this book will enjoy the overall story of Jerusalem in antiquity, and perhaps even find it helpful as a volume that may be occasionally used for reference purposes.
I would like to record the invaluable assistance of my daughter Alison, who, in spite of leading a very busy life, found time to read and re-read my drafts in order to ensure good English and clarity of expression. The maps and diagrams in this book are essentially the result of the conscientious endeavours of Ben Charles, to whom I am also very grateful.
Alan J. Potter
September 2019
Abbreviations
BAR Biblical Archaeology Review
BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers
ERH English Historical Review
Eu. Jud. European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe
HTR The Harvard Theological Review
IEJ Israel Exploration Journal
JQR Jewish Quarterly Review
JRS Journal of Roman Studies
NAPNF 2 The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Church , Series 2
NEAEHL The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land , Ephraim Stern (ed.), 19932008, Jerusalem
NEArch Near Eastern Archaeology
PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly
SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae (see Primary Sources)
SOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
WCJS A World Congress of Jewish Studies
List of Maps and Diagrams
Figure 1 Trade routes through Ancient Palestine
Figure 2 The City of David on the Ophel
Figure 3 Extension of the city onto Mt Moriah
Figure 4 Palestines Separate Kingdoms (late tenth century bce)
Figure 5 Kings of Judah and Israel during the early and mid-ninth century bce
Figure 6 Hezekiahs late eighth century bce expansion onto Jerusalems Western Hill
Figure 7 Palestine c.701 BCE
Figure 8 Josiah and his successors
Figure 9 Zerubbabels Davidic lineage
Figure 10 Nehemiahs Jerusalem
Figure 11 The Seleucid kings 321164 BCE
Figure 12 The Sons of Mattathias Asamonaeus
Figure 13 The Seleucid kings 223125 BCE
Figure 14 The Hasmonean Dynasty
Figure 15 The First Wall
Figure 16 The Second Wall
Figure 17 Herods family (excluding his children and their mothers)
Figure 18 Herods Jerusalem c.18 BCE
Figure 19 Herod II (the Great) 724 BCE His children, their mothers and selected offspring
Figure 20 Jerusalem c.70 ce
Figure 21 Aelia Capitolina
Figure 22 Jerusalems Byzantine churches x
Chapter 1
Foundations
Palestine forms a small section of the Fertile Crescent that extends from the Persian Gulf, along the plains and valleys of the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers to the Anatolian plateau, before bending south-westerly along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The cultivatable land of this crescent was the birthplace of some of the earliest Asian civilizations. Wedged between the Mediterranean in the west and the Transjordanian highlands in the east, Palestine was the land bridge forming the trade routes between Africa and Asia.
The principal international highway, the Way of the Sea ). At Megiddo there was an intersection with the main Transjordan trade route, before the Way of the Sea continued its coastal path to destinations that included Anatolia, Syria and Mesopotamia. The road was, however, fraught with danger, as travellers and traders were exposed to pirates and thieves and possible aggression from any ill-disposed peoples residing along the route.
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