David Allen Pietz - Engineering the State: The Huai River and Reconstruction in Nationalist China, 1927-1937

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E AST A SIA

H ISTORY , P OLITICS , S OCIOLOGY , C ULTURE

E DITED B Y

E DWARD B EAUCHAMP

U NIVERSITY OF H AWAII

E AST A SIA

H ISTORY , P OLITICS , S OCIOLOGY , C ULTURE

E DWARD B EAUCHAMP , General Editor

M ODERN E DUCATION , T EXTBOOKS, AND THE I MAGE OF THE N ATION

Politics and Modernization and Nationalism in Korean Education: 18801910

Yoonmi Lee

P ROBLEMS OF D EMOCRATIZATION IN C HINA

Thomas G. Lum

T HE U NKNOWN C ULTURAL R EVOLUTION

Educational Reforms and Their Impact on Chinas Rural Development, 19661976

Dongping Han

M AOS P REY

The History of Chen Renbing, Liberal Intellectual

Jeanette Ford Fernandez

T HE R OOTS OF J APANS E NVIRONMENTAL P OLICIES

A MY W ONG

T HE O RIGINS OF THE B ILATERAL O KINAWA P ROBLEM

Okinawa in Postwar US-Japan Relations, 19451952

Robert D. Eldridge

South-South Transfer

A Study of Sino-African Exchanges

Sandra Gillespie

S TUDYING THE E NEMY

Japan Hands in Republican China and Their Quest for National Identity

Christiane I. Reinhold

S ELF -R ELIANCE OR S ELF -D ESTRUCTION ?

Success and Failure of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Koreas Development Strategy of Self-Reliance Juche

Phillip H. Park

T HIRD D ELIGHT

The Internationalization of Higher Education in China

Rui Yang

S TRUGGLE FOR N ATIONAL S URVIVAL

Eugenics in Sino-japanese Contexts, 18961945

Yuehtsen Juliette Chung

R ETHINKING J APANS I DENTITY AND I NTERNATIONAL R OLE

An Intercultural Perspective

Susanne Klien

J APANS F OREIGN P OLICY M ATURATION

A Quest for Normalcy

Kevin J. Cooney

V ILLAGE , M ARKET AND W ELL -B EING IN A R URAL C HINESE T OWNSHIP

Tamara Perkins

H ISTORY OF J APANESE P OLICIES IN E DUCATION A ID TO D EVELOPING C OUNTRIES , 1950s-1990s

The Role of the Subgovernmental Processes

Takao Kamibeppu

E NGINEERING THE S TATE

The Huai River and Reconstruction in Nationalist China, 19271937

David A. Pietz

Published in 2002 by

Routledge

29 West 35th Street

New York, NY 10001

www.routledge-ny.com

Published in Great Britain by

Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane

London EC4P 4EE

Copyright 2002 by Routledge

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pietz, David Allen.

Engineering the state : the Huai River and reconstruction in Nationalist

China, 19271937 / David Allen Pietz.

p. cm. (East Asia)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0415-933889

1. Huai River (China)RegulationHistory. 2. Central-local government

relationsChina. 3. ChinaPolitics and government19281937. I. Title.

II. East Asia (New York, N.Y.)

TC502.H7 P54 2002

354.360951dc21

2002017896

C ONTENTS

C HAPTER 1
Long Term Environmental Change in the Huai River Valley, 200 B.C.E. -1855

C HAPTER 2
Huai River Administrative Structure and Dao Huai Proposals up to the Nationalist Period, 15001927

C HAPTER 3
Centralizing Institutions and Planning: The Huai River Conservancy Commission, 19281931

C HAPTER 4
From the Sediment: The 1931 Flood

C HAPTER 5
Cross Currents: Centralization and Fragmentation in Huai River Administration, 19311935

C HAPTER 6
To the Sea: The State and Mobilization of Resources for Huai River Engineering

1. i
2. ii

Guide

MEASUREMENT

li = 1/2 kilometer

qing = 6.6667 hectares

mu = .06667 hectares

CURRENCY

1 Yuan = .33376 U.S. dollars (1934)

F IRST , I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY GRADUATE ADVISOR , W ILLIAM K IRBY . He has been a superb advocate and an important source of help in completing this work on the Huai River. I would also like to thank the other members of my graduate committee: James Shih and Laurence Schneider. Their help has been invaluable.

Funding for this project came from a variety of sources. I would like to thank the graduate schools of Washington University and Harvard University for timely and critical support. In addition, research fellowships from the American Council of Learned Societies, the Pacific Cultural Foundation, and the China Times Foundation supported work in Taiwan and the mainland.

Much of the research for this work was completed at the Number Two Historical Archives in Nanjing, the Jiangsu Provincial Archives in Nanjing, and the Institute of Modern History of Academia Sinica in Nankang. I would like to thank these institutions and their excellent staffs for making my work go smoothly.

There is a host of other people I would also like to thank. The following individuals helped with my work and/or sustained me in other important ways: Chang Hsiu-jung (and Michael), Cheng Linsun, William Haas, George Hatch, Eugene Soviak, Tang Yuanhai, Wang Shu-hwai, Yan Xuexi, Zha Yimin, Zhang Xianwen, and Qian Jinbao. I also thank Prof. Lyman Van Slyke for permission to reproduce seveal maps from his wonderful 1988 book on the Yangtze River. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Valeria Nicoli Pietz who was so supportive and who provided invaluable assistance with maps, tables, editing, and indexing.

Any factual inaccuracies and errors in interpretation are solely the responsibility of the author.

F OLLOWING THE N ORTHERN E XPEDITION in 1927, THE N ATIONALIST Government (192749) began its rule with great expectations. It staked a claim to protect Chinese nationalism against threats from home and abroad, and proclaimed its intent to carry out the political and economic vision of Sun Yatsen, the father of the Chinese revolution. The term reconstruction entered the lexicon of Nationalist Government leaders to denote social and economic policies designed to secure wealth and power for a reunified China. At heart, the goal of reconstruction was to centralize - to build an administrative bureaucracy to centralize policy-making and coordinate resources for economic reconstruction. One of the showpiece items within the reconstruction agenda was to tame the Huai River. It was a task, in part, motivated by historical precedent, and obstructed by centuries of accumulated ecological deterioration.

The Huai River, along with the other great rivers of central China, has been intimately associated with the rise of a distinctive agricultural based society. The waters of China proper lie at the heart of creation myths explaining the rise of Chinese (or Han) civilization as Y the Great is reputed to have dug the channels for the Huai, Yellow, and Yangtze Rivers in the pre-historical era. In what had been a massive marshy swamp, these new channels allowed the reclamation of land and provided the agricultural conditions to sustain the development of the Chinese state and empire. As the legend goes, but for Y we would have all been fishes.

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