Also in the Variorum Collected Studies Series:
SUSAN REYNOLDS
Ideas and Solidarities of the Medieval Laity
England and Western Hurope
P.D.A. HARVEY
Manors and Maps in Rural England, from the Tenth Century to the Seventeenth
HENRY ANSGAR KELLY
Law and Religion in Chaucers England
WENDY DAVIES
Welsh History in the Early Middle Ages
Texts and Societies
WENDY DAVIES
Brittany in the Early Middle Ages
Texts and Societies
BRUCE M.S. CAMPBELL
Land and People in Late Medieval England
BRUCE M.S. CAMPBELL
Field Systems and Farming Systems in Late Medieval England
PAMELA NIGHTINGALE
Trade. Money, and Power in Medieval England
PAULINE STAFFORD
Gender. Family and the Legitimation of Power
England from the Ninth to Early Twelfth Century
DAVID M. PALLISER
Towns and Local Communities in Medieval and Early Modern England
STEPHEN D.WHITE
Re-Thinking Kinship and Feudalism in Early Medieval Europe
MARJORIE CHIBNALL
Piety. Power and History in Medieval England and Normandy
E.M.C. VAN HOUTS
History and Family Traditions in England and the Continent. 10001200
VARIORUM COLLECTED STUDIES SERIES
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The Middle Ages without Feudalism
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Susan Reynolds
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The Middle Ages without Feudalism
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Essays in Criticism and Comparison
on the Medieval West
First published 2012 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
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This edition 2012 by Susan Reynolds
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Reynolds, Susan, 1929
The Middle Ages without feudalism : essays in criticism and comparison on the
medieval West.
(Variorum collected studies series ; CS1019)
1. Feudalism. 2. Civilization, Medieval. 3. Law, Medieval.
4. Law Europe History To 1500.
5. Europe Politics and government 476 1492. 6. Europe Historiography.
I. Title II. Series
940.1dc23
ISBN 9781409456742(hbk)
Library of Congress Control Number: 20I29475K3
VARIORUM COLLECTED STUDIES SERIES CSI0I9
CONTENTS
FEUDALISM
Haskins Society Journal 9 (2001, for 1997)
The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways. Festschrift in Honor of Jnos M. Bak, eds B. Nagy and M. Sebk. Budapest:CEU Press. 1999
Crusades 1. 2002
The Scottish Historical Review 82, 2003
In Laudem Hiemsolymitani: Studies in Crusades and Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Z. Kedar, eds I Shagrit, R. FMenblum and J. RileySmith, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007
Explorations in Comparative History, ed. B.Z. Kedar. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press. 2009
LAW
The Medieval World, eds P. Linehan and J.L. Nelson London: Routledge, 2001
Law and History Review 21, 2003
STATE AND NATIONS
The New Cambridge Medieval History Vol. 4. c.1024c.1198. eds D. Luscombe and J. RileySmith, part I. Bibliography adapted from that volume. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004
Companion to Historiography ed. M. Bentley. London: Rouiledgc. 1997
After Romes Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Xiedieval History, Essays presented to W. Goffart, ed. A.C, Murray. Toivnto: University of Toronto Press. 1998
ThirteenthCentury England VII, eds M. Prestwich, R. Britnell and R. Frame, Woodbridge: Boydell. 1999
First publication
Power and the Nation in European History, eds L. Scales and O. Zimmer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005
Historical Research 79. 2006
Power and Identity in the Middle Ages: Essays in Memory of Rees Davies, eds H. Pryce and J. Watts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007
First publication
This volume contains xvi + 310 pages
PUBLISHERS NOTE
The articles in this volume, as in all others in the Variorum Collected Studies Series, have not been given a new, continuous pagination. In order to avoid confusion, and to facilitate their use where these same studies have been referred to elsewhere, the original pagination has been maintained wherever possible.
Each article has been given a Roman number in order of appearance, as listed in the Contents. This number is repeated on each page and is quoted in the index entries.
The essays collected here were originally published after I had mounted my first attack on the concept of feudalism in Fiefs and Vassals (1994). They fall into three groups: the first continues and develops that attack, while the second and third look at various aspects of the middle ages (and some other bits of history) that seem to me to fit the evidence better and to offer more help in understanding medieval society.
Fiefs and Vassals received widely varying reviews. Some thought its purpose and my arguments wrong, one reviewer even accusing me of committing an offence against wissenschaftlichen Redlichkeit. Other reviews, some probably written by scholars who already had their own doubts about feudalism, were favourable, with one or two enthusiastic, while some historians who were doubtful at first later became more interested in my arguments, even if they disagreed with them or found omissions or mistakes in the book. Fiefs and Vassals certainly had both omissions and mistakes. Most complaints of omissions were about the absence of Spain, which I left out because trying to cover France, England, Germany, and Italy already stretched my knowledge too far. I have never filled in that particular gap but
As for mistakes, I know of two historians who have corrected important errors: Fredric L. Cheyette has shown that my suggestion that the first fiefs de reprise were recorded in early-twelfth-century Montpellier was wrong. I was able to correct this passage, along with some smaller points, in the Italian translation of my book that appeared in 2004. Since then Susan Wood has produced ample evidence of what I had rashly called the anachronistic concept of the proprietary church system.3 Since I do not scour publishers catalogues or periodicals in English, let alone all those in other languages, for comments on my arguments, other important corrections may well have published.4
Most of the references to Fiefs and Vassals