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Book:
NATO and the Warsaw Pact: Intrabloc Conflicts
Author:
Mary Ann Heiss / S Victor Papacosma
Publisher:
The Kent State University Press
Genre:
Books / History
Year:
2008
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Essays on Cold War tensions within NATO and the Warsaw Pact

There is no shortage of literature addressing the workings, influence, and importance of NATO and the Warsaw Pact individually or how the two blocs faced off during the decades of the Cold War. However, little has been written about the various intrabloc tensions that plagued both alliances during the Cold War or about how those tensions affected the alliances operation. The essays in NATO and the Warsaw Pact seek to address that glaring gap in the historiography by utilizing a wide range of case studies to explore these often-significant tensions, dispelling in the process all thoughts that the alliances always operated smoothly and without internal dissent.

The volume is divided into two parts, one on each alliance. An introductory essay by S. Victor Papacosma spells out the themes addressed in the individual essays and the volumes coherent historiographical contribution. They include, but are not limited to, military and political matters, the consequences of World War II for the non-Western world, the role of individuals in shaping historical events, and the unintended consequences of policy choices and developments.

The international group of contributors brings to bear considerable policymaking and academic experience. In approaching the Cold Warera alliances from a new angle and in drawing on recently declassified documentation, this volume adds to the literature in recent international history and will be of interest to scholars in such fields as U.S. foreign relations, European diplomatic history, and security and defense studies, among others.

Visit the Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security site for more information and news related to NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

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NATO and the Warsaw Pact

NEW STUDIES IN U.S. FOREIGN RELATIONS

Mary Ann Heiss, editor

The Birth of Development: How the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization Changed the World, 19451965

AMY L. S. STAPLES

Colombia and the United States: The Making of an Inter-American Alliance, 19391960

BRADLEY LYNN COLEMAN

NATO and the Warsaw Pact: Intrabloc Conflicts

EDITED BY MARY ANN HEISS AND S. VICTOR PAPACOSMA

NATO and the Warsaw Pact

Intrabloc Conflicts

E DITED BY M ARY A NN H EISS AND S. V ICTOR P APACOSMA

The Kent State University Press

Kent, Ohio

2008 by The Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio 44242

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2008001489

ISBN 978-0-87338-936-5

Manufactured in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data NATO and the Warsaw Pact: intrabloc conflicts / edited by Mary Ann Heiss and S. Victor Papacosma.

p. cm. (New studies in U.S. foreign relations)

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-87338-936-5 (hbk.: alk. paper)

1. North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationHistory20th century. 2. Warsaw Treaty OrganizationHistory. 3. EuropeForeign relationsUnited States20th century. 4. United StatesForeign relationsEurope20th century. 5. Europe, EasternForeign relationsSoviet Union. 6. Soviet UnionForeign relationsEurope, Eastern. 7. Cold War. I. Heiss, Mary Ann, 1961

II. Papacosma, S. Victor, 1942

UA 646.3. N 2294 2008

355.031091821dc22

2008001489

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication data are available.

12 11 10 09 08 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

S. Victor Papacosma

Lawrence S. Kaplan

Mary Ann Heiss

Winfried Heinemann

John O. Iatrides

Anna Locher and Christian Nuenlist

Ine Megens

Oliver Bange

Charles Cogan

Vojtech Mastny

Sheldon Anderson

Douglas Selvage

Jordan Baev

Bernd Schaefer

Csaba Bks

Introduction

S. V ICTOR P APACOSMA

The essays in this volume are based on papers originally presented at Kent State University in an April 2004 conference, NATO and the Warsaw Pact: Intra-bloc Conflicts. In what seemed like a natural melding of their missions, the Lemnitzer Center for NATO and European Union Studies hosted and cosponsored this gathering with the Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (subsequently renamed the Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security).

The Cold War era has claimed no shortage of publications focusing on issues of interbloc conflict between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Indeed, with the declassification of materials by NATO and member states of both blocs since the early 1990s, scholars have presented new information, insights, and interpretations. Contrastively, intrabloc conflicts, which plagued both alliances, have received generally extraneous attention. The fourteen essays in this volume, written by scholars from the United States and Europe, seek to fill this relative gap in the historiography. The volume is divided into two roughly equal sections, one on each alliance, with each introduced by an overview essay about the alliances workings and general history.

NATO United, NATO Divided: The Transatlantic Relationship by Lawrence S. Kaplan provides the thematic backdrop for the coverage of intrabloc conflicts within NATO in the following essays. Differences among member states became evident from NATOs origins, but the reliance on consensus and common consent in the alliances decision-making process somehow prevailed and is evident to the present. Kaplan refers to the NATO method for subsuming differences among allies and follows with several case studies embodying conflict and consensus.

Even before the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (NAT) in April 1949, an unequal partnership between a dominant United States and its European allies surfaced and persisted to influence affairs in subsequent decades. It is this underlying theme that Kaplan emphasizes as he analyzes: NATO before the outbreak of war in Korea, the special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom up to the 1956 Suez crisis, the challenges posed by Frances Charles de Gaulle, and the Reagan administrations strident policies. In doing so, he lists a succession of intrabloc conflicts, concluding that no year during the Cold War passed without some indication of tensions in the relations between the United States and its European partners.

One might have speculated that with the demise of the Warsaw Pact, the glue supplied by the Soviet threat, now undone, would have led, along with mutual transatlantic resentments, to the dismantling of the Atlantic alliance. In his final case study dealing with Iraq, Kaplan maintains that even with the glaring divide in the policy positions of the Bush administration and most of its NATO allies, the termination of the transatlantic alliance is not inevitable. He adds that despite a succession of intrabloc conflicts and despite the North Atlantic Treatys provision for an alliance member to withdraw, no state has drawn on this option. Concluding, he argues that the great challenge for this long-lived alliance is to prove its ongoing relevance.

Although colonial issues hardly served as an impetus in the drafting of the NAT, they did surface after its signing largely because a number of its members were major colonial powers. Mary Ann Heiss in Colonialism and the Atlantic Alliance: Anglo-American Perspectives at the United Nations, 19451963 analyzes the diverging stances of Britain and the United States on matters of non-self-governing territories in the United Nations, which, in turn, influenced NATO affairs. The UN General Assemblys composition and the Soviet Unions espousal of anticolonial positions in the UN assured that decolonization became another feature of Cold War confrontation. Washington found itself shifting from a customarily anticolonial position to a less critical one as it viewed the colonies of Western European allies as valuable bulwarks in the global struggle against communism. Concurrently, U.S. policymakers confronted the dilemma of containing the alienation of the growing list of nations supportive of anticolonialism. This two-pronged effort generated many complications and troubled ties between Washington and London at the United Nations.

The Eisenhower administration initially professed to shift from its predecessors middle-of-the-road position but ultimately maintained, with some exceptions such as during the Suez crisis in 1956, the basic approach of not allowing anticolonialism to facilitate the advance of Communism in the developing world. The Kennedy administration followed and, with some variants, continued in this general direction. Throughout this earlier Cold War period, debates, votes, and resolutions at the UN posed problems for the United States and its colonial power allies. If these latter states weakened because of colonial problems, then their contributions in the Atlantic alliance would also falter. Intrabloc difficulties on colonial issues thus became another dimension of the Cold War, and Heiss contends that the general subject offers fertile ground for further research.

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