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Christian Ayne Crouch - Nobility Lost: French and Canadian Martial Cultures, Indians, and the End of New France

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Christian Ayne Crouch Nobility Lost: French and Canadian Martial Cultures, Indians, and the End of New France
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Nobility Lost is a cultural history of the Seven Years War in French-claimed North America, focused on the meanings of wartime violence and the profound impact of the encounter between Canadian, Indian, and French cultures of war and diplomacy. This narrative highlights the relationship between events in France and events in America and frames them dialogically, as the actors themselves experienced them at the time. Christian Ayne Crouch examines how codes of martial valor were enacted and challenged by metropolitan and colonial leaders to consider how those acts affected French-Indian relations, the culture of French military elites, ideas of male valor, and the trajectory of French colonial enterprises afterwards, in the second half of the eighteenth century. At Versailles, the conflict pertaining to the means used to prosecute war in New France would result in political and cultural crises over what constituted legitimate violence in defense of the empire. These arguments helped frame the basis for the formal French cession of its North American claims to the British in the Treaty of Paris of 1763.

While the French regular army, the troupes de terre (a late-arriving contingent to the conflict), framed warfare within highly ritualized contexts and performances of royal and personal honor that had evolved in Europe, the troupes de la marine (colonial forces with economic stakes in New France) fought to maintain colonial land and trade. A demographic disadvantage forced marines and Canadian colonial officials to accommodate Indian practices of gift giving and feasting in preparation for battle, adopt irregular methods of violence, and often work in cooperation with allied indigenous peoples, such as Abenakis, Hurons, and Nipissings.

Drawing on Native and European perspectives, Crouch shows the period of the Seven Years War to be one of decisive transformation for all American communities. Ultimately the augmented strife between metropolitan and colonial elites over the aims and means of warfare, Crouch argues, raised questions about the meaning and cost of empire not just in North America but in the French Atlantic and, later, resonated in Frances approach to empire-building around the globe. The French government examined the cause of the colonial debacle in New France at a corruption trial in Paris (known as laffaire du Canada), and assigned blame. Only colonial officers were tried, and even those who were acquitted found themselves shut out of participation in new imperial projects in the Caribbean and in the Pacific. By tracing the subsequent global circumnavigation of Louis Antoine de Bougainville, a decorated veteran of the French regulars, 17661769, Crouch shows how the lessons of New France were assimilated and new colonial enterprises were constructed based on a heightened jealousy of French honor and a corresponding fear of its loss in engagement with Native enemies and allies.

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For Mom and Ababa CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a book can be - photo 1
For Mom and Ababa
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Writing a book can be excruciating but it is a pleasure to write acknowledgments. It is here that I can state clearly how fortunate I am to be part of a supportive and wonderful community and what I owe all these individuals, as well as many others who are here unmentioned, but to whom I also give thanks.
My greatest intellectual debt goes to my graduate advisor at New York University, Karen Ordahl Kupperman. She is both the most impressive and the most generous historian I have ever met. There is no way to better express what her support over these many years has meant to me other than to say, once more, that she is the historian I will always strive to be. I also wish to recognize the contributions made by each member of my dissertation committee, Lauren Benton, Manu Goswami, Walter Johnson, and John Shovlin. Their continued critiques and advice, in many cases years after I completed my dissertation, helped me to turn rough research into a book. Under the early tutelage of Cristina Mirkow, William A. P. Childs, and Andrew Isenberg, I learned to love bringing the past to life.
Leaving the tight-knit community of graduate school is a daunting prospect and I have been lucky to find mentors and intellectual guides in the years after NYU. I owe a special debt of thanks to James Merrell, who generously read and commented on a large portion of this manuscript. Sophie Lemercier Goddard provided a wonderful French perspective; Wayne Lee always encouraged further cultural studies of war. At a Harvard International Seminar on the History of the Atlantic World, organized by Bernard Bailyn and Patricia Denault, Fred Anderson offered a reading of my working paper that completely transformed chapter 4 and set me off in a fresh, productive direction. I would never have come to see geography and landscape in new ways had it not been for the work being done by Christine DeLucia and Cynthia Radding, who always made the time for great conversations.
Research is the lifeblood of the historian and I am immensely grateful to the institutions that have provided me with funds, access to their rich archives and resources, and have nurtured a welcoming community of librarians and scholars. The John Carter Brown Library, the William L. Clements Library, the Massachusetts Historical Society, and the Newberry Library offered both generous grants and essential workspaces; I owe the men and women at these institutions a great debt. Special thanks to Susan Danforth, Kimberly Nusco, Brian Dunnigan, Clayton Lewis, and Conrad Wright for going above and beyond the call of duty. The New York Public Librarys Jay Barksdale oversees the Wertheim Study where I completed many of these revisions and kindly let me keep coming back. Andrew Lee provided essential research aid at Bobst Library when I was at NYU and then continued to do so for the duration of this work. The staff at the Library of Congress, the Archives nationales de France (Paris and Aix-en-Provence), the Archives dpartementales dIndre-et-Loire, the Bibliothque nationale de France, the Bibliothque de lArsenal, and the Service Historique de la Dfense helped in every way from arranging for document reproduction to seat reservations in the reading room on short notice. At Bard, the office of the Dean of the College provided invaluable aid in the continuation of my research at French archives and in securing image permissions. The librarians at Stevenson Library dealt with unceasing interlibrary loans and ConnectNY requests with tremendous grace. My colleagues in the Historical Studies program have given me a great intellectual home and the Bard History Colloquium was a wonderful place to present work in progress and keep me going. The interdisciplinarity of Bard College and its commitment to research excellence have made this a truly wonderful place to grow.
NYUs Atlantic History Workshop and the Columbia Seminar on Early American History have been wonderful intellectual forums from my time in graduate school onward and I thank all the participants of these seminars, faculty and graduate students alike, for their feedback on my work over the years and for fostering such convivial and thought-provoking spaces. Conferences cosponsored by the British Group in Early American History, the European Early American Studies Association, the French Atlantic History Group, the Harvard International Seminar on the History of the Atlantic World, the McNeil Center for Early American Studies, the Omohundro Institute for Early American istory and Culture, and the Society of Early Americanists, as well as sessions at individual archives and a workshop at the University of New Mexicos history department, offered many opportunities to test out ideas and I am grateful to the individuals at these forums for their suggestions and critiques over these years. Numerous friends and colleagues have been sounding boards for ideas and arguments informally as well at conferences, workshops, and working groups. Others made my continued revisions possible through the gift of their friendship and support. Thanks especially to: Jennifer Anderson, Zara Anishanslin, Ralph Bauer, Florian Becker, Lauren Benton, Christopher Bilodeau, Kristen Block, Ken Buhler, Kerry Bystrom, Cathleen Cahill, Nicole Caso, Maria Cecire, Noah Chasin, Greg Childs, Karoline Cook, Andrea Robertson Cremer, Robert Culp, Laurie Dahlberg, Christine DeLucia, Catherine Desbarats, Michle Dominy, Alexandre Dub, Robert Englebert, Nicole Eustace, Tabetha Ewing, Eliza Ferguson, Charlie Foy, Franois Furstenberg, Alison Games, Noah Gelfand, Sophie Lemercier Goddard, Evan Haefeli, Eric Hinderaker, Christopher Hodson, Karl Jacoby, Heather Kopelson, Michael Lacombe, Wayne Lee, Ann Little, Jean-Franois Lozier, Mark Lytle, Michael McDonnell, James Merrell, Susan Merriam, Kate Mulry, John Murrin, Cynthia Radding, Dina Ramadan, Daniel Richter, Gabriel Rocha, Jonathan Rosenberg, Marie-Jeanne Rossignol, Brett Rushforth, John Ryle, Geoffrey Sanborn, Andrew Sandoval-Strausz, Elena Schneider, Jenny Shaw, Anelise Shrout, Alice Stroup, William Tatum III, Frederika Teute, Eric Trudel, Samuel Truett, Thomas Truxes, Jerusha Westbury, Edward Widmer, Sophie White, and Marina van Zuylen. I also owe a special debt of gratitude to the incredible students I have had the privilege of teaching over the years at Bard, many of whom have encouraged and inspired me. Special thanks to Blake Grindon, Joshua Kopin, and Irina Rogova for reading and commenting on pieces of this work.
At Cornell University Press, I have been fortunate to work with Michael J. McGandy. His careful and unflinching readings of this entire manuscript have made me a better writer. He is everything I ever hoped for in an editor. Sarah Grossman kept everything running smoothly; Carol Hoke and Pamela Nelson were an expert copyediting and production team; Annelieke Vries-Baaijens is the talented mapmaker with whom it has been a pleasure to work. Two anonymous readers gave me valuable input on this manuscript; it is all the better for their suggestions.
A few individualsJenny Shaw, Sarah Cornell, and Karen Kuppermanhave bravely read this manuscript repeatedly over the years and have given me invaluable advice, insights, suggestions, and questions that pushed me further. They are extraordinary thinkers and this book would never have been possible without their efforts. Lengthy conversations over archival finds, very incomplete works-in-progress, and the state of the field with Elena Schneider, Jenny Shaw, and with my fellow francophile and powerhouse on early modern France, Tabetha Ewing, have enriched my work. All have been amazing friends along this path. And a heartfelt
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