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Bobby A. Wintermute - Public Health and the US Military: A History of the Army Medical Department, 1818-1917

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Public Health and the US Military: A History of the Army Medical Department, 1818-1917: summary, description and annotation

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Public Health and the US Military is a cultural history of the US Army Medical Department focusing on its accomplishments and organization coincident with the creation of modern public health in the Progressive Era. A period of tremendous social change, this time bore witness to the creation of an ideology of public health that influences public policy even today. The US Army Medical Department exerted tremendous influence on the methods adopted by the nations leading civilian public health figures and agencies at the turn of the twentieth century.

Public Health and the US Military also examines the challenges faced by military physicians struggling to win recognition and legitimacy as expert peers by other Army officers and within the civilian sphere. Following the experience of typhoid fever outbreaks in the volunteer camps during the Spanish-American War, and the success of uniformed researchers and sanitarians in confronting yellow fever and hookworm disease in Cuba and Puerto Rico, the Medical Departments influence and reputation grew in the decades before the First World War. Under the direction of sanitary-minded medical officers, the Army Medical Department instituted critical public health reforms at home and abroad, and developed a model of sanitary tactics for wartime mobilization that would face its most critical test in 1917.

The first large conceptual overview of the role of the US Army Medical Department in American society during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this book details the culture and quest for legitimacy of an institution dedicated to promoting public health and scientific medicine.

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Public Health and the US Military Routledge Advances in American History - photo 1
Public Health and the U.S. Military
Routledge Advances in American History
1. The Origin of Organized Crime in America
The New York City Mafia, 18911931
David Critchley
2. Science, Sexuality, and Race in the United States and Australia, 1780s1890s
Gregory D. Smithers
3. Public Health and the U.S. Military
A History of the Army Medical Department, 18181917
Bobby A. Wintermute
Public Health and the U.S. Military
A History of the Army Medical Department, 18181917
Bobby A. Wintermute
Public Health and the US Military A History of the Army Medical Department 1818-1917 - image 2
New York London
First published 2011
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Simultaneously published in the UK
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
2011 Taylor & Francis
The right of Bobby A. Wintermute to be identified as author of this work has been
asserted by him/her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Wintermute, Bobby A.
Public health and the US military : a history of the Army Medical Department, 1818 1917 / Bobby A. Wintermute.
p. cm. (Routledge advances in American history ; no. 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-415-88170-8 (hbk) ISBN 978-0-203-84059-7 (ebk) 1. United
States. Army Medical DeptHistory. 2. Medicine, MilitaryUnited
StatesHistory. 3. United States. ArmySanitary affairs. 4. Military
hygieneHistory. 5. Public healthHistory. I. Title.
UH223.W56 2011
355.3'45097309034dc22
2010017409
ISBN 0-203-84059-3 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13: 978-0-415-88170-8 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-84059-7 (ebk)
Contents
Illustrations
Colonel John Van Rensselaer Hoff, Assistant Surgeon General, U.S. Army Medical Department, 1906.
Regimental Tent Hospital, Camp George H. Thomas, Chickamauga, Georgia, Summer 1898.
Chow line for dinner at Camp Thomas, Summer 1898.
Midday scene at Camp Cuba Libre, Jacksonville, Florida, Summer 1898.
Scene at Big Springthree miles from Camp Alger, VA. July 12, 1898.
Interment ceremony, Arlington Cemetery, Virginia, September 1898.
Dr. Senn reads the handwriting on the wall.
Say, havent I been a good war secretary.
Appointed for the War, (special attention given to dogs).
The wanderers return.
Colonel Louis Mervin Maus with Moro tribesmen on Jolo, Philippines, 1903.
Colonel Louis Mervin Maus, 1905.
The wages of a night on the town, in the Good-Fellows Grotto.
Columns of soldiers, descending into a vale of iniquity, prey to the liquor interest monster.
The multi-purpose K-Packet.
Introduction
Waging HealthThe U.S. Army Medical Officers Quest for Identity and Legitimacy
Even before the cease-fire was established at Santiago halting the Spanish-American War, senior American officers recognized the near-catastrophic state of health in Cuba. Years of civil war, Spanish resettlement policies, and neglect by the Spanish colonial government resulted in the collapse of nearly all public health systems on the island. The situation was even worse in the rural backcountry, where sanitation and hygiene among the islands mestizos was virtually non-existent. Added to this was the very real danger of endemic tropical disease, including yellow fever and malaria, as well as more familiar diseases such as dysentery and smallpox. The first task of the American forces in Cuba would be how best to improve these conditions. As Major General Leonard Wood recalled, the health risks were great indeed:
Yellow fever, pernicious malaria and intestinal fevers were all prevalent to an alarming extent. The city and surrounding country was full of sick Spanish soldiers, starving Cubans and the sick of our own army. The sanitary conditions were indescribably bad. There was little or no water available and the conditions were such as can be imagined to exist in a tropical city following a siege and capture in the most unhealthy season of the year . The death rate among our own troops was heavy and the percentage of sick appalling.
Cuban laborers were immediately set to cleaning the area around Santiago. In the city proper, water and sewage pipes were laid beneath a new asphalt road system. The ports waterfront was dredged and a new sea wall built along its length. In the city and throughout the province, workers drained and filled in swamps and old canals. Likewise, the regions privy vaults and sinks, enormous affairs, and as a rule cleaned only once in a generation, were drained, and if necessary, replaced.
After the peace settlement came into effect on December 10, 1898, relief poured into Cuba and other soon-to-be-former Spanish colonial possessions from American charitable organizations. In Havana alone, over 2,251,000 rations, as well as great quantities of clothing, medicine and other supplies, were delivered to provide for the needs of the citys poor indigenous and refugee populations.
Reconstructing Cubas tattered public health infrastructure was the occupation administrations primary concern. Replenishing medical supplies looted by the Spanish was the simplest problem. Existing buildings needed repair, while new hospitals, orphanages, and work houses were also needed. Throughout the island water and sewage systems were nonexistent. Many families drew drinking and cooking water from wells and cisterns contaminated by nearby open sewers and cesspools, while garbage disposal was unheard of. These real problems were exacerbated by the occupiers low esteem for the Cubans ability to manage their affairs. The Armys immediate solution was to place the islands hospitals, orphanages, prisons, and other public charities directly under the control of the Medical Department. In Havana, a municipal Sanitary Department was organized as soon as American troops entered the city. Modeled along the same lines as the New York Sanitary Department, this new organization immediately set out to clean up the city. Over an eighteen-month period, starting on January 1, 1899, nearly five million dollars were spent on public works projects in Havana alone.
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