Martha L. Hildreth - Doctors, Bureaucrats, and Public Health in France: 1888-1902

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
HISTORY OF MEDICINE

Volume 6

DOCTORS, BUREAUCRATS, AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN FRANCE

DOCTORS, BUREAUCRATS, AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN FRANCE

18881902

MARTHA L. HILDRETH

First published in 1987 by Garland Publishing, Inc.

This edition first published in 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1987 Martha L. Hildreth

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-367-08576-6 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-429-02312-5 (Set) (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-39429-2 (Volume 6) (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-40129-9 (Volume 6) (ebk)

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY

Doctors, Bureaucrats, and Public Health in France, 18881902

Martha L. Hildreth

Copyright 1987 Martha L. Hildreth
All rights reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hildreth, Martha Lee.

Doctors, bureaucrats, and public health in France, 18881902.

(Modern European history)

Bibliography: p.

1. Trade-unionsPhysiciansFranceHistory19th century. 2. PhysiciansFrancePolitical activityHistory19th century. 3. Medical laws and legislationFranceHistory19th century. 4. MedicineFranceHistory19th century.

I. Title. II. Series.

R728.3.H55 1987 362.1720944 87-7542
ISBN 0-8240-8037-8 (alk. paper)

All volumes in this series are printed on acid-free, 250-year-life paper.

Printed in the United States of America

DOCTORS, BUREAUCRATS, AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN FRANCE
18881902

Martha L. Hildreth

To my parents, Leroy and Ila Hildreth

In preparing my Ph.D. dissertation for publication I have taken the opportunity to make some revisions. Most are only grammatical; however, I have reorganized and (I hope) clarified some material. No new material has been added thus the bibliography is somewhat out of date having been compiled in 1982. I have taken the liberty of adding some footnotes which refer the reader to my own more recent work where appropriate.

I would like to acknowledge the invaluable help in manuscript preparation given to me by the Text Processing Center and the Department of Mathematics, University of Nevada, Reno. Text preparation costs were supported in part by the Center for Advanced Studies, College of Arts and Science, University of Nevada, Reno. In the preparation of the tables I was generously assisted by Charles Wetherell of the Laboratory for Historical Research, University of California Riverside. In the course of research I received vital help from the staff of the Archives de la Sante publique, Paris.

During the original preparation of the dissertation, and in the months since, a number of people have read and made helpful comments upon the manuscript. I would like to thank Ken Barkin, Patricia OBrien, Alan Mitchell, George Weisz, and most particularly, Irwin Wall.

During various stages of my work on this manuscript my family has been a steadfast source of support. I would like to to aknowledge the the help given to me by my parents and the moral support of my sister, Margaret Rhyne, during the long months of research. Lastly, my husband, Bruce Blackadar, has been an ever patient source of support during my more recent revisions of the manuscript. I thank him for his help in proof reading and in formatting the manuscript for printing on a computerized text processing system. Most of all I am grateful for his tolerance while I spent a good deal of a supposed vacation revising the text.

Reno, Nevada
November, 1986

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents

DOCTORS, BUREAUCRATS AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN FRANCE 1888-1902

The years 1888-1902 were a crucial period in the creation of a modern medical system in France. Scientific developments, demographic and political concerns sparked an unprecedented period of government action concerning medical care. The nature of the resulting legislation was largely determined by a new medical union movement, promoting the professional goals of private physicians. The effects of these developments were manifold. In this period doctors were given state support which allowed them to dominate medical care as they never had before. A variety of public health services were created and ultimately a basic public health law was passed. A national medical assistance program was created to bring medical care to the rural poor. Finally, a number of new medical institutions evolved, including dispensaries, disinfection services, sanatoriums and medical insurance. Although overshadowed in the standard histories of the Third Republic by the tumultuous political events of the period, the medical

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