Robert A. Trennert - White mans medicine: government doctors and the Navajo, 1863-1955
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White mans medicine: government doctors and the Navajo, 1863-1955
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In 1863 the Din began receiving medical care from the federal government during their confinement at Bosque Redondo. Over the next ninety years, a familiar litany of problems surfaced in periodic reports on Navajo health care: inadequate funding, understaffing, and the unrelenting spread of such communicable diseases as tuberculosis. In 1955 Congress transferred medical care from the Indian Bureau to the Public Health Service. The Din accepted some aspects of Western medicine, but during the nineteenth century most government physicians actively worked to destroy age-old healing practices. Only in the 1930s did doctors begin to work withrather than opposetraditional healers. Medicine men associated illness with the supernatural and the disruption of natures harmony. Indian service doctors familiar with Navajo culture eventually accepted traditional medicine as a valuable complement to their health care.
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White Man's Medicine : Government Doctors and the Navajo, 1863-1955
author
:
Trennert, Robert A.
publisher
:
University of New Mexico
isbn10 | asin
:
0826318398
print isbn13
:
9780826318398
ebook isbn13
:
9780585376172
language
:
English
subject
Navajo Indians--Medical care--History, Navajo Indians--Health and hygiene, Navajo Indians--Medical care--Government policy--History, Public health administration--Arizona--History, Public health administration--New Mexico--History, United States.--Office
publication date
:
1998
lcc
:
RA448.5.I5T73 1998eb
ddc
:
362.1/089/972
subject
:
Navajo Indians--Medical care--History, Navajo Indians--Health and hygiene, Navajo Indians--Medical care--Government policy--History, Public health administration--Arizona--History, Public health administration--New Mexico--History, United States.--Office
Page iii
White Man's Medicine
Government Doctors and the Navajo, 18631955
Robert A. Trennert
University of New Mexico Press Albuquerque
Page iv
1998 by the University of New Mexico Press All rights reserved. First edition
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Trennert, Robert A. White man's medicine: government doctors and the Navajo, 18631955 Robert A. Trennert. 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8263-1839-8 1. Navajo IndiansMedical careHistory. 2. Navajo IndiansHealth and hygiene. 3. Navajo IndiansMedical careGovernment policyHistory. 4. Public health administrationArizonaHistory. 5. Public health administrationNew MexicoHistory. 6. United States. Office of Indian Affairs. I. Title. RA448.5.15T73 1998 362.1'089'972dc21 97-36481 CIP
Page v
Contents
Illustrations and Map
VII
Preface
IX
1. Worlds Apart Contrasting Medical Practices
1
2. Army Doctors Western Medicine Comes to the Navajo
19
3. Missionaries and Politicians
39
4. A Like Barbarism
59
5. National Disgrace
77
6. A Scourge on the Land
95
7. Epidemics, Campaigns, and Experimentation
119
8. Transition
155
9. New Deal
177
10. End of an Era
201
Epilogue
219
Notes
225
Bibliography
263
Index
279
Page vii
Illustrations
following page
138
Fort Defiance in the late 1880s
John Menaul
Navajo Medicine Man
Reservation Road, 1920
Dr. J. S. Perkins
Trachoma Patients
Elderly Trachoma Patients, Fort Defiance
Female Trachoma Patient
Kayenta Sanatorium, 1933
Employees Quarters, Kayenta
Special Nurse and Typhoid Patients, 1933
Nurse and Driver/Interpreter
Dedication, Navajo Medical Center
Public Health Nurse, Sanostee Trailer School
Trained Navajo Nurse, Fort Defiance
Map
Jurisdictional Boundaries of the Navajo Reservation
105
Page ix
Preface
Despite considerable interest in Indian history over the past three decades, there has been surprisingly little scholarship on federal efforts to provide health care to the reservation population. Yet between the mid-nineteenth century and 1955, when the U.S. Public Health Service took charge of Indian health care, the Indian Service developed an elaborate, if inadequate, system of doctors, nurses, hospitals, and even medical research activities related to specific Indian health issues. During the nineteenth century this effort was wholly insufficient, with a few poorly trained and underfunded doctors attempting to bring western medical technology to a native population wary of the ''White Man's Medicine," yet suffering from many medical problems. Indeed, much of the early medical work was intended primarily to aid the assimilation processto get the "uncivilized" Indians away from their reliance on native healers, who were viewed as obstacles to progress.
During the first half of the present century the Indian Service began to develop a more modern medical network. Hampered by a persistent lack of funding, the medical service nevertheless attempted to reach out to the reservation peoples with special physicians, field nurses, clinics, and educational programs. By the 193OS some success had been attained in treating such diseases as trachoma, yet many ailments, especially tuberculosis, still disproportionately affected the native population. The New Deal era also produced the first governmental efforts to accept the validity to native healing arts and to create a cross-cultural exchange. Further medical advances were retarded by the massive disruptions associated with World War II. The Indian medical service
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