John Townsend - World War II
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- Book:World War II
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- Year:2010
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World War II explores the secrets of World War II. Throughout the war, both sides made great efforts to uncover enemy plans and keep their own secrets hidden. They engaged in secret operations, plots, and missions, always attempting to wrong-foot the enemy or take them by surprise.
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E-book published in 2012 by Encyclopdia Britannica,
Inc., in association with Arcturus Publishing Limited,
26/27 Bickels Yard, 151-153 Bermondsey Street,
London SE1 3HA. Britannica, Encyclopdia Britannica,
and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of
Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.
This edition first published by Arcturus Publishing
Distributed by Black Rabbit Books
P.O. Box 3263
Mankato
Minnesota MN 56002
Copyright 2010 Arcturus Publishing Limited
The right of John Townsend to be identified
as the author of this work has been asserted
by him in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved.
Series concept: Alex Woolf
Editors: Karen Taschek and Alex Woolf
Designer: Tall Tree
Picture researcher: Alex Woolf
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Townsend, John, 1955
World War II / John Townsend.
p. cm. (Secret history)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-61535-608-9 (e-book)
1. World War, 1939-1945-Juvenile literature. I. Title.
II. Title: World War Two. III. Title: World War 2.
D743.7.T69 2011
940.54-dc22
2010012017
SL000975US Supplier 03 Date 0510
Pictures credits:
Corbis: cover top left (Melbourne Brindle/Swim Ink 2, LLC), cover right (Bettmann), 9 top and bottom (Bettmann), 10 (Bettmann), 11 (Bettmann), 18 (Bettmann), 19 (Bettmann), 20 (Bettmann), 22 (Bettmann), 23 (Bettmann), 26 (Sion Touhig/Sygma), 27 (Bettmann), 29 (Bettmann), 30 (EPA), 31 (Hulton-Deutsch Collection), 34 (Swim Ink 2, LLC), 37 (Bettmann), 38 (Hulton-Deutsch Collection), 39 (Bettmann), 41 (Wolfgang Kaehler).
Getty Images: 6 (Heinrich Hoffmann/Time & Life Pictures), 7 (Lawrence Thornton/Hulton Archive), 12 (Keystone/Hulton Archive), 13 (Keystone/Hulton Archive), 14 (Keystone/Hulton Archive), 15 (Keystone/Hulton Archive), 16 (Central Press/Hulton Archive), 17 (Keystone/Hulton Archive), 21 (Fox Photos/Hulton Archive), 28 (MPI/Hulton Archive), 32 (Keystone/Hulton Archive), 35 (Kurt Hutton/Picture Post), 36 (Galerie Bilderwelt/Hulton Archive), 42 (William Vandivert/Time & Life Pictures), 43 (Bentley Archive/Popperfoto).
NHPA: 25 (Donald Mammoser).
Rex Features: 33 (Action Press), 40 (Everett Collection).
Shutterstock: spy camera cover (alphacell), 24 (Sebastian Knight).
Cover illustrations: top left: US poster from 1942; bottom left: World War IIera spy camera; right: Serbian spy Dusko Popov (19121981), who worked for MI5 in World War II.
Spread heading illustrations are all from Shutterstock: 6: World War II American M24 tank (Len Green); 8, 12: World War IIera spy camera (alphacell); 10, 18, 26, 28, 34: headphones (Dmitry Naumov); 14: World War II German MP-40 submachine gun (Olemac); 16, 38: barbed wire (Nikita Rogul); 20, 22, 24: bomb (fckncg); 30, 42: World War II pistol (Wyatt Rivard); 32, 40: shovel (mmaxer); 36: megaphone (MilousSK).
Every attempt has been made to clear copyright. Should there be any inadvertent omission, please apply to the copyright holder for rectification.
World War II was fought between the Axis countries (including Germany, Japan, and Italy) and the Allies (including the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union). It lasted from 1939 to 1945 and involved 61 countries and three-quarters of the worlds population. Over 25 million members of the armed forces died in the war, as well as a similar number of civilians.
German leader Adolf Hitler (18891945) walks up steps lined with swastika banners at a Nazi rally in 1934.
World War II began when Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland in September 1939, the latest in a series of aggressive moves by Germany against its neighbors. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Italy, under Benito Mussolini, allied itself with Hitler. By mid-1940, Germany was in control of most of Western Europe.
ADOLF HITLER
Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party took power in Germany in 1933. Hitler promised to make Germany great again, but he also had secret plans to expand German territory. He wanted to create a powerful empire that would dominate Europe and western Asia. Hitler was also a racist. He planned to enslave or get rid of peoples he thought were inferior or not racially pure.
The surprise attack by Japanese bombers on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, took the war to a new scale.
In June 1941, Germany unexpectedly invaded the Soviet Union, with whom it had earlier formed a pact. In December 1941, Japan attacked the US naval port of Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into the conflict. The war was now global in scale.
Until mid-1942, the Axis powers won most of the battles. However, from this time, the tide of the war turned steadily against them, thanks mainly to the vast resources of the United States and Soviet Union. The war finally ended in August 1945.
World War II was not just about big battles involving guns, tanks, and bombs. There was also another, secret conflict going on. Both the Axis and the Allied nations made great efforts to keep information hidden from the other side and to uncover enemy plans. They engaged in secret operations, plots, and missions to foil the enemy or take them by surprise.
IN THEIR OWN WORDS
This was a secret war, whose battles were lost or won unknown to the public; and only with difficulty is it comprehended, even now, by those outside the small high scientific circles concerned. No such warfare had ever been waged by mortal men.
Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. 2, p. 381
During World War II, many spies worked behind enemy lines trying to discover secrets. Spying was dangerous work. Those who got caught risked being tortured and shot. Even those who didnt get caught had a hard time finding accurate information, let alone getting it back home safely. Nevertheless, many people in World War II were prepared to take the risk and become spies.
German spy Josef Jakobs parachuted into England in January 1941. However, the Home Guard saw him land and arrested him. He had forged identity papers. He also had a radio transmitter for sending secrets back to Germany.
Jakobs was interrogated in the hope that he could be made to change sides and spy for Britain. But he was a committed Nazi and refused. He was taken to a cell in the Tower of London and later shot. Jakobs was one of 15 German spies executed in Britain during World War II.
DOUBLE CROSS
MI5, the British government agency responsible for homeland security and counterintelligence, set up a secret detection center in England. Here German spies were interrogated and made to reveal their secrets. Some were trained to become double agents and sent back to Germany to find Nazi secrets. This operation was code-named Double Cross, or XX.
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