Jerry Brotton - A History of the World in 12 Maps

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Published by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) LLC, 2013

Copyright 2012 by Jerry Brotton

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First published in Great Britain by Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books Ltd.

Illustration credits appear .

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Brotton, Jerry.

A history of the world in 12 maps / Jerry Brotton.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-101-63799-9

1. Historical geography--Maps..Title.

G1030.B7 2013

911dc23

2013028184

For my wife, Charlotte

Contents

List of Figures

. The shield of Achilles, bronze cast designed by John Flaxman, 1824. (Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library)

. Reconstruction of the world map of Dicaearchus, third century BC. (Jeff Edwards; adapted from Armando Corteso, History of Portuguese Cartography , 2 vols. (Coimbra, 196971), vol. 1, fig. 16)

. Diagrams of Ptolemys first and second projections. (Jeff Edwards)

. Map of Palestine, St Jerome, Liber locorum , twelfth century. (British Library Add. MS 10049, fols. 64 rv. Photo: akg-images)

. T-O Map, from Sallust, The Jugurthine War , thirteenth-century manuscript. (Bibliothque Nationale, Paris, Dpartement des Manuscrits, Division occidentale. MS Latin 6088 , fol. 33v)

. Drawing by John Carter, c . 1780, of the triptych containing the Hereford map. (Copyright British Library Board. All rights reserved. Additional MS. 29942 , fol. 148r.)

. Modern map of East Asia showing the regional situation in the late fourteenth century. (Jeff Edwards; adapted from F. W. Moate, China in the Age of Columbus, in Jay Levenson (ed.), Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration (Washington DC, 1991), p. 338)

. Copy of Qingjuns map of China, from a mid-fifteenth- century book by Ye Sheng.

. Depiction of the round heavens and square earth, from Zhang Huang, Tushu bian , 1613. (Photo courtesy Harvard-Yenching Library, Harvard University, Cambridge)

. Yu ji tu (Map of the Tracks of Yu), 1136. (Photo courtesy of Special Collections, Fine Arts Library, Harvard College Library)

. Hua yi tu (Map of the Chinese and Foreign Lands), 1136. (Photo courtesy of Special Collections, Fine Arts Library, Harvard College Library)

. The General Survey Map of China and Non-Chinese Territories from the Past to the Present, c . 1130. (Ty Bunko, Tokyo, Japan (XI-13))

. Martin Waldseemller, globe gores, 1507. (James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota. Copyright Regents of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. University Libraries. All rights reserved)

. T-O map from Isidore of Seville, Etymologies , 1472. (Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago. Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library)

. Detail of the eastern hemisphere of the Universalis cosmographia . (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.)

. Detail of the western hemisphere of the Universalis cosmographia . (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.)

. Detail of America from Waldseemller, world map, dated 1506 by Henry N. Stevens. (John Carter Brown Library)

. Detail of Hans Holbein, The Ambassadors , 1533. (National Gallery, London. Photo: akg-images)

. Lucas Cranach, The Position and Borders of the Promised Land, 1520s. (Copyright British Library Board, All Rights Reserved (3041.g.6))

. Diagrams of different Renaissance map projections. (Jeff Edwards; adapted from Norman J. W. Thrower, Maps and Civilization (Chicago, 1996), pp. 70, 74)

. Gerard Mercator, pages from Chronologia , 1569. (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich (BSB 2H.int.67a fol. 1467))

. Model of a spiral loxodrome. (Jeff Edwards)

. Willem Blaeu, world map drawn on the Mercator projection, 16067. (Courtesy Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum, Amsterdam)

. Diagram of triangles, from Jean Picard, Le Mesure de la terre , 1671. (Copyright British Library Board. All rights reserved (1484.m.38))

. Carte particulire des environs de Paris, 1678. (engr. F. de la Pointe, 1678. Bibliothque Nationale, Paris, Cartes et Plans, Ge DD 2987 (0788 , V)))

. Jean Picard and Philippe de la Hire, Carte de France corrige , 1693 edition. (Bibliothque Nationale, Paris (Ge. DD. 2987-777))

. Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, A Map of the country where the arc of the meridian was measured, The Figure of the Earth , 1738. (Photo: ECHO/Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, Munich)

. Csar-Franois Cassini de Thury, New Map of France, 1744. (Bibliothque Nationale, Paris (Ge. BB. 565-A). Photo: akg-images/De Agostini)

. Diagrams of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century map projections. (Jeff Edwards; adapted from Norman J. W. Thrower, Maps and Civilization (Chicago, 1996), p. 121)

. Halford Mackinder on the summit of Mount Kenya, 1899. ( The Geographical Journal , 15, 5 (1900), p. 469 . Photo: The Royal Geographical Society, London)

. The Land Hemisphere, in Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas , 1907. (H. J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas (Clarenden Press, Oxford, 1907), p. 4 , fig. 3)

. Photograph of a Globe, in Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas , 1907. (H. J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas (Clarenden Press, Oxford, 1907), p. 5 , fig. 4)

. Halford Mackinder, The Natural Seats of Power, world map, in Mackinder, The Geographical Pivot of History, 1904. (H. J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas (Clarenden Press, Oxford, 1907), The geographical pivot of history, p. 435)

. A small state threatens Germany! Propaganda map, Germany, 1934.

. Ethnic map of Slovakia, 1941. (Copyright British Library Board (Maps Y.1911, sheet 7))

. Diagrams of twentieth-century map projections. (Jeff Edwards; adapted from Norman J. W. Thrower, Maps and Civilization (Chicago, 1996), p. 225)

. James Gall, Galls Orthographic Projection, 1885. ( The Scottish Geographical Journal , 1:4, p. 121)

. Index Map Showing Status of Publication of the International One-millionth Map of the World (IMW), 1952. ( World Cartography , Volume III, copyright 1953 United Nations, New York (ST/SOA/SER. L/3). Reprinted with the permission of the United Nations)

List of Illustrations

. Map of the world, probably from Sippar, southern Iraq. 700500 BC . (British Museum, London. Photo: akg-images/Erich Lessing)

. Frontispiece to Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum orbis terrarum , 1584 edition. (Photo: Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.

. Ptolemy, World map from Geography , thirteenth century. (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City, Urbinus Graecus 82, fols. 60v61r. By permission of Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, all rights reserved)

. Nineteenth-century facsimile of a thirteenth-century copy of the Peutinger Map, sheets showing England, France, the Alps and North Africa. (Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, Codex Vindobonensis 324. Photo: akg-images)