Gunnar Schmidtmann - Clinical Vision Science: A Concise Guide to Numbers, Laws, and Formulas

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Students, trainees and clinicians in optometry, ophthalmology and related subjects are often confronted with a vastness of numbers, units and procedures to memorise and to recall during their studies, for exam preparations and in practice. A small handbook that fits into a lab coat pocket would be the ideal resource to quickly refresh the knowledge. This handbook serves as a quick guide for the most important facts, numbers, laws and clinical procedures for students and clinicians in the clinical vision sciences. It is aimed at students and trainees in optometry, orthoptics, ophthalmology and vision science.

The book contains short chapters covering many domains ranging from physical optics to anatomy and clinical procedures. Each chapter comprises of clearly arranged tables, formulas with explanations, custom-made illustrations and flow charts, which are designed to demonstrate complex concepts in a comprehensive way. Particularly, important facts are highlighted in orange boxes. It is important to emphasise that this handbook does not replace a textbook in any of the covered topics. I therefore provide a list of further readings at the end of each chapter. Plymouth, UK Gunnar Schmidtmann September 2019.

I would like to thank the students at the University of Plymouth who inspired me to write this book and who provided useful feedback. I am particularly grateful to my colleague and friend Paul Artes for his support and encouragement. Further, I would like to thank Sae Bom Ra from Adelphi University for the beautiful anatomical illustrations in Chap..

(1.1)

(1.2)

1 = 60 [arc min]

1 = 60 [arc sec]

See Figure .

Figure 1.1

Pythagorean theorem. The figure shows a right triangle, where the side a denotes the opposite, b the adjacent and c the hypotenuse. The squares illustrate the mathematical operation of squaring each side (i.e. a2, b2, c2)

(1.3)

1.4 Trigonometry

See Figure .

Figure 1.2

The unit circle is a circle with a unit radius of one centered at the origin (0, 0). The angle denotes the central angle ranging from 0 to 2 in radian or 0 to 360 in degrees. The figure also shows the most important trigonometric functions of , where