Jasmine-Kim Westendorf - Violating Peace : Sex, Aid, and Peacekeeping

CAR Central African Republic

HIPPO Report report of the High-Level Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, entitled Uniting Our Strengths for Peace: Politics, Partnership and People

IDP internally displaced persons

IFOR Implementation Force (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

INTERFET International Force in East Timor

IPTF UN International Police Task Force

KFOR Kosovo Force

MINUSCA UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic

MINUSMA UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali

MINUSTAH UN Stabilization Mission In Haiti

MONUC UN Observer Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

NGO nongovernmental organization

OHCHR UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

OIOS UN Office of Internal Oversight Services

Oxfam GB Oxfam Great Britain

PKO peacekeeping operation

PSEA prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse

SEA sexual exploitation and abuse

SFOR Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina

TCC troop and police-contributing countries

UN United Nations

UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNAMET UN Mission in East Timor

UNMIBH UN Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina

UNMISET UN Mission of Support in East Timor

UNMIT UN Integrated Mission in East Timor

UNPOL UN Police

UNPROFOR UN Protection Force (Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina)

UNTAC UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia

UNTAET UN Transitional Administration in East Timor

WPS Women, Peace and Security

I could not have written this book without the support of many people and the generosity of those who shared their time, expertise, recollections, and feedback with me. I am deeply indebted to the many people who agreed to be interviewed as part of this project and without whom this book would never have been possible.

I am especially grateful to Louise Searle, formerly of the Humanitarian Advisory Group (HAG), who partnered with me on the project in its early stages, including by joining me on field research trips to Timor-Leste and Sarajevo and conducting the interviews in Geneva. HAG also supported the project in other critical ways: the excellent Josie Flint came with us to Timor-Leste to assist with interviews, and Kate Sutton facilitated a workshop with policymakers and relevant scholars in Canberra in 2016 to test my initial conclusions.

The field research for this book was funded by a grant from the La Trobe University Transforming Human Societies Research Focus Area. I am particularly grateful to Katie Holmes, who led the Research Focus Area, for providing support and guidance throughout the project. My colleague and friend Bec Strating read and commented on early drafts as I wrote them and was an endless source of encouragement, inspiration, and solidarity. Jem Atahan read multiple drafts and helped me iron out my thoughts. Dennis Altman mulled over the complexities of it all and shared his insights with me over many coffees. Sara Davies, Jacqui True, Laura Shepherd, and Paul Kirby provided feedback on early parts of this research and encouragement to write this book. As always, Im thankful to Nick Bisley, Robin Jeffrey, and Judith Brett for their academic mentorship and encouragement, in this and all of my other projects.

During the course of this project I was fortunate to have the support of a number of phenomenal interns and research assistants. My sincere thanks to Nina Roxburgh, Alejandra Pineda Sanabria, Emma Jidinger, Monica Keily, and Gavin Height: without you, this would have been a much harder road to tread, and Im so grateful to have had you all as part of the research team at various points in this projects life.

Im grateful to Roger Haydon at Cornell University Press for his enthusiasm about the book and incisive comments and prompts on the manuscript as it evolved, to Julia Cook for her exceptional copyediting, and to the production and design teams for polishing everything up. My thanks also go to Oxford University Press for allowing me to republish some of my early thoughts on the nature and history of sexual exploitation and abuse.

Im thankful for the support of my parents and sisters, Egon, Conny, Teagan, and Simone. Im fortunate to be surrounded by a community of friends and strong women who cheered me on and helped me debrief on the often challenging material I was grappling with, and I send special thanks to Emily, Ruby, Carly, Lesley, and Suzi. And Im grateful every day for the love and support of my partner Jem, with whom everything is possible, and for my baby Billie Sparrow, whose kicks in utero reminded me that I was writing to a hard deadline and whose giggles, smiles, and tentative first steps made the revision process so much sweeter.

This list includes the names and organizations of interviewees whom I have been permitted to acknowledge and gives a general description of the organization or position of interviewees who did not want to be directly identified. In most cases I include interviewees current roles or positions, as directed by them, although in the text I also refer to past positions or roles when relevant to the information shared at that point. Some interviews have not been included in this list at the request of the interviewees, and some interviews have not been directly referenced in the text, also at the request of interviewees.

Abel Dos Santos (program coordinator, Fundasaun Mahein), Dili, July 22, 2016

Adisa Fii Barukija (TRIAL International), Sarajevo, September 6, 2016

Amra Pando (Bosnian peacebuilder), Sarajevo, September 7, 2016

Ana Paula Sequeira (former UN peacekeeping operations Timorese staff member), Dili, July 20, 2016

Angkis Leonora (coordinator, Scarlet Timor Collective), Dili, July 22, 2016

Asenio Bano (Timorese politician), Oecusse, July 25, 2016

Australian government staff member, Dili, July 22, 2016

Bosnian gender adviser to intergovernmental organization, Sarajevo, September 7, 2016

Bosnian legal adviser to intergovernmental organization, Sarajevo, September 7, 2016

Bosnian NGO official and antitrafficking expert, Sarajevo, September 14, 2016

Bosnian researchers and womens rights activists, Sarajevo, September 8, 2016

Bosnian staff member at international NGO providing legal aid to victims of wartime sexual violence, Sarajevo, September 6, 2016

Chief of mission of intergovernmental organization, Dili, June 27, 2016

Diplomat in a mission to the UN, New York, November 1, 2016

Diplomatic staff member in a mission to the UN, New York, November 2, 2016

Dulcie Leimbach (editor, PassBlue), New York, November 5, 2016

Expatriate NGO official, Sarajevo, September 8, 2016

F. Reis (Timorese civil society leader), Dili, July 21, 2016

Former staff member at ET-WAV (East Timorese Women Against Violence), Dili, July 28, 2016

Former senior focal point for sexual exploitation and abuse for large international NGO, Geneva, September 19, 2016

Senior government official; former UN Timorese staff member, Dili, July 28, 2016

Gender and SEA experts at international humanitarian organization, Geneva, September 20, 2016

Gender adviser at an international NGO, Geneva, September 22, 2016

Gender-based violence coordinator at a UN agency, Geneva, September 23, 2016

Geneva Call staff member, Geneva, September 22, 2016

Genevive Cycot (accountability manager, CHS Alliance [Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability]), Geneva, September 19, 2016

Hasan Nuhanovi (Bosnian translator for UN at Srebrenica), Sarajevo, September 8, 2016