William Leap - American Indian English

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title	:	American Indian English
author	:	Leap, William.
publisher	:	University of Utah Press
isbn10 | asin	:
print isbn13	:	9780874804164
ebook isbn13	:	9780585132990
language	:	English
subject	Indians of North America--Languages, English language--United States--Foreign elements--Indian, Indians of North America--Languages--Influence on English, Languages in contact--United States, Americanisms.
publication date	:	1993
lcc	:	PE3102.I55L4 1993eb
ddc	:	427/.9/08997
subject	:	Indians of North America--Languages, English language--United States--Foreign elements--Indian, Indians of North America--Languages--Influence on English, Languages in contact--United States, Americanisms.

Page iii American Indian English William L. Leap UNIVERSITY OF UTAH PRESS SALT LAKE CITY

Page iv Disclaimer: This book contains characters with diacritics. When the characters can be represented using the ISO 8859-1 character set (","http://www.w3.org/TR/images/latin1.gif">http://www.w3.org/TR/images/latin1.gif), netLibrary will represent them as they appear in the original text, and most computers will be able to show the full characters correctly. In order to keep the text searchable and readable on most computers, characters with diacritics that are not part of the ISO 8859-1 list will be represented without their diacritical marks. Copyright 1993 William L. Leap All rights reserved Printed on acid-free paper. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Leap, William. American Indian English / William L. Leap. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-87480-416-7 1. Indians of North AmericaLanguages. 2. English language United StatesForeign elementsIndian. 3. Indian languages Influence on English. 4. Languages in contactUnited States. 5. Americanisms. I. Title. PE3102.155L4 1993 427'.9'08997dc20 93-26946

Page v CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1 Part I Speaker And Structures 11 Chapter 1 Speakers and Speech Communities 13 Chapter 2 Sound Patterns, Sentence Forms, and Meanings 44 Part II Indian English and Ancestral Language Tradition 91 Chapter 3 The Ancestral Language Base 93 Chapter 4 Diversity and Contrast 112 Part III History and Functions 145 Chapter 5 Thoughts on the History of Indian English 147 Chapter 6 Functions of Indian English 170 Part IV Indian English in the Classroom 207 Chapter 7 Contexts of Schooling on the Northern Ute Reservation 209 Chapter 8 Drawing Inferences When Reading 230 Chapter 9 Question-answering as Story-telling 248 Chapter 10 Writing Ute English 265 Conclusions 280 Notes 289 Bibliography 297 Index 309

Page vii PREFACE I am writing this preface in April 1993some six years after I began drafting the text of this book. Many friends and colleagues have supported my work with American Indian English throughout this period, particularly Dan McLaughlin, Forrest Cuch, Venita Taveapont, Ina Lou Chapoose, Evan Norris, Pat Locke, Gina Harvey, Dick Heiser, Bates Hoffer, Betty Lou Dubois, M. Estellie Smith, Brett Williams, Laszlo Kurti, Donna Donaldson, Judy Lewis, Ellen Berner, Steve Stout, and Signithia Fordham. Along with naming Forrest, Venita, and Ina Lou, I want to acknowledge the many individuals from the Northern Ute reservation who encouraged my studies of language and educational needs at that site and actively participated in the research process. Jeff Grathwohl, my editor and sponsor at the University of Utah Press, provided even-handed guidance as I polished and refined the chapters. Nancy Hornberger and an unidentified reader prepared useful comments on the second draft of the text. Doug Bruce helped greatly with text clarity and with the bibliography. Kathy Lewis and Alan Hersker deserve accolades for careful copy editing and proofreading. Angui Madera has endured this project with patience and understanding, even when my writing made unwarranted intrusion into our private life. Finally, I dedicate this volume to the memory of George L. Tragermy major professor in graduate school, my dissertation advisor, and a strong supporter of my work with Indian English when others were more skeptical and less enthusiastic about these themes.

Page 1 INTRODUCTION This is a book about the English of American Indiansthe English they use at home, on the job, in the classroom, at the grocery store, in church, and in other areas of daily experience.1 There are many varieties of Indian English (my cover term for these codes in this book); in some cases, their linguistic details are quite similar to those found in the English of their non-Indian neighbors, coworkers, and classmates. More commonly, Indian English shows extensive influence from the speaker's ancestral (or "native") language tradition(s) or from other language sources and differs accordingly from non-Indian notions of "standard" grammar and "appropriate" speech. Here are some examples (Examples in the text without citation of source come from my field notes):

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