David N. Myers - From ghetto to emancipation: historical and contemporary reconsiderations of the Jewish community
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From ghetto to emancipation: historical and contemporary reconsiderations of the Jewish community
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HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY RECONSIDERATIONS OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
Edited by David N. Myers and William V. Rowe
SCRANTON: UNIVERSITY OF SCRANTON PRESS
1997 by University of Scranton Press All rights reserved.
Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data
From ghetto to emancipation: historical and contemporary reconsiderations of the Jewish community / edited by David N. Myers and William V. Rowe. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-940866-72-2 (hc). -- ISBN 0-940866-73-0 (pbk.) 1. Jews--Cultural assimilation--Congresses. 2. Jews--Segregation -Congresses. 3. Jews--Politics and government--1948- --Congresses. 4. Jews--Pennsylvania--Scranton--Congresses. I. Myers, David N. II. Rowe, William V., 1951 DS148.F77 1997 305.892'4--dc2197-40037 CIP
Distribution: University of Toronto Press 250 Sonwil Drive Buffalo, New York 14225
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Page v
CONTENTS
Introduction
vii
David N. Myers
The Cultural Significance of the Ghetto in Jewish History
1
David B. Ruderman
"The Blessing of Assimilation" Reconsidered: An Inquiry into Jewish Cultural Studies
17
David N. Myers
Redemption and Community: Reflections on Some European Jewish Intellectuals, 1900-1940
37
Michael L. Morgan
Difficult Liberty: The Basis of Community in Emmanuel Levinas
63
William V. Rowe
The Puzzling Persistence of Community: The Cases of Airmont and Kiryas Joel
75
Nomi M. Stolzenberg
Communal Rites: The Public Culture of American Jews
109
Arthur Aryeh Goren
Toward a History of Scranton Jewry
135
Michael Brown
Contributors
155
Index
157
Page vii
INTRODUCTION
David N. Myers
It was some seventy years ago, in 1928, that Salo Wittmayer Baron, then a young Jewish historian, published a provocative essay, "Ghetto and Emancipation," whose echoes continue to reverberate powerfully to this day. This early essay contains in concentrated form many of the important themes that would mark Baron's thought throughout his extraordinary career.1 The urgent desire to abandon an excessively gloomy view of Jewish history, which Baron designated the "lachrymose conception" of Jewish history, makes its first appearance in the concluding line of "Ghetto and Emancipation.''2 Baron was especially intent on overturning the "traditional view" alluded to in the article's subtitle-the ubiquitous distinction made by Jewish historians between "the black of the Jewish Middle Ages and the white of the post- Emancipation period ..."3 According to Baron, this historiographical tendency, born in the formative generations of Jewish historiography in nineteenth-century Germany, was woefully misleading. The Jewish Middle Ages were not a source of unending misery. Not only did medieval Jews possess "more rights than the great bulk of the population," but the Jewish community "enjoyed full internal autonomy."4 This latter privilege issued naturally from the corporatist order of medieval feudalism. Conversely, it stood in direct conflict with modern theories of governance in which the State demanded a direct relationship with the individual subject-citizen. Ironically, Baron couples his retreat from the lachrymose conception of the Jewish Middle Ages with a decidedly lachrymose view of Jewish modernity. Indeed, he takes fierce exception to those Jewish historians who celebrate the advent of Jewish political emancipation as "the dawn of a new day after a nightmare of the deepest horror."5
Baron's strictures in "Ghetto and Emancipation" point to the disturbing and disabling effects of the emancipatory process: the loss of
Page viii
communal autonomy, the assumption of new and onerous obligations imposed by the state, the evisceration of the national component of Jewish identity, and the recasting of Judaism into a narrow confessional mold. Hovering above Baron's essay is the spirit of Count Clermont- Tonnere, a delegate to the French National Assembly, who declared in 1789 that "the Jews should be denied everything as a nation, but granted everything as individuals." This statement epitomizes Baron's sense of the deep structural flaws of Jewish modernity-specifically, the imperative to surrender all but the most meager vestiges of communal identity in return for individual political rights.6
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