Crump - The Christmas Encyclopedia

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers
Jefferson, North Carolina, and London

Also by WILLIAM D. CRUMP

Encyclopedia of New Years Holidays Worldwide (McFarland, 2008)

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGUING DATA ARE AVAILABLE

BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING DATA ARE AVAILABLE

e-ISBN: 978-1-4766-0573-9

2013 William D. Crump. All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

On the cover: The Nativity, Fra Angelico, fresco, 76" x 64", 1441, Convent of San Marco, Florence, Italy

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers
Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640
www.mcfarlandpub.com

To the
Lord of Christmas
and to all who keep Christmas in their hearts
the year round

I am grateful to the following individuals who kindly granted permission to reproduce photographs from their collections: Diane Burt of Alfred Burt Christmas Carols, for a photo of her father, Alfred S. Burt; Paul Carnahan, librarian, Vermont Historical Society in Barre, Vermont, for a photo of the Rev. John Henry Hopkins, Jr.; Betty Cole, 2012 Candle Tea Chair, Home Moravian Church in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for a photo of the nativity scene from their 2001 Putz; Nora E. Lewis, director of library and archives, Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, for a photo of James Lord Pierpont; Fran ODonnell, Manuscripts and Archives, Andover-Harvard Theological Library of Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, for a photo of the Rev. Edmund Hamilton Sears; John Powell, permissions ofcer, the Newberry Library, Chicago, for a photo of Adeste Fideles: The Favorite Portuguese Hymn; Heather F. Vipperman, Chrismons secretary, Ascension Lutheran Church in Danville, Virginia, for photos of Chrismons and a Chrismons tree; Jane Winton, print librarian, Boston Public Library, for a photo of the Rev. Phillips Brooks.

I extend thanks to Lauren Iossa, senior vice president, communications and media, American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, for granting permission to reproduce the ASCAP lists Top 25 Holiday Songs of the 20th Century and Top 25 Holiday Songs of the Decade (21st century); and to the LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Photoduplication Service, Washington, D.C.

In addition to those who made valuable contributions to the rst edition, grateful appreciation is extended to the following for their equally valuable assistance with the second edition: George Bush Presidential Library, College Station, Texas (Mary Finch, audiovisual archivist); Manfred W. K. Fischer of the Stille Nacht Gesellschaft in Austria and Christmas historian Bill Egan, who provided helpful comments about the entry Silent Night; the LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Photoduplication Service, Washington, D.C.; Archbishop Gabriel Montalvo, Apostolic Nuncio, Apostolic Nunciature of the United States of America, Washington, D.C.; Press Ofce of the Holy See, The Vatican (Joy Stellato Gabrielli); Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, California (Josh Tenenbaum, audiovisual archivist); the White House, Washington, D.C. (William G. Allman, curator); the White House Historical Association, Washington, D.C. (William Bushong, historian and webmaster).

I give special thanks to the following for donating photographs from their collections with permission to reproduce them in this edition: Diane Burt DAmico of Variety Artists for donating a photograph of her father, Alfred S. Burt; Steve Cooper, Chrismons secretary at Ascension Lutheran Church, Danville, Virginia (who also provided helpful comments about the entry Chrismons Tree), and photographer Hugh Preston Leonard of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for donating a photograph of a Chrismons tree; Gil Frank and the Candle Tea, sponsored by the Womens Fellowship of Home Moravian Church, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for donating a photograph of the manger scene from the 2001 Candle Tea Nativity Putz.

Grateful appreciation is also extended to the following institutions and organizations which granted permission to reproduce photographs or copyrighted material from their collections: American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) (Phil Crosland, vice-president, marketing), for Top 25 Holiday Songs of the [20th] Century and Top 25 Holiday Songs List; Andover-Harvard Theological Library of Harvard Divinity School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Frances ODonnell, curator of archives and manuscripts), for a photograph of the Rev. Edmund Hamilton Sears; Boston Public Library, Print Department (Aaron Schmidt, photo collection), for a photograph of the Rev. Phillips Brooks; the Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Georgia (Susan Dick Hofus, director of library and archives and Mandi D. Johnson, visual materials archivist), for a photograph of James Lord Pierpont; the Newberry Library, Chicago (John Powell, permissions ofcer), for a photograph of an 1804 manuscript of Adeste Fideles; Vermont Historical Society, Barre, Vermont (Paul Carnahan, librarian), for a photograph of the Rev. John Henry Hopkins, Jr.; Tourist Association of Oberndorf, Austria (Christine Deutinger), for a postcard portrait of Franz Xaver Gruber.

I also give special thanks to my sister, Julie Crump Pugh, for assistance in preparing the manuscript.

I extend grateful appreciation to the following individuals and institutions for contributing valuable information or assistance in the preparation of this manuscript: American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), for granting permission to reproduce its list of the Top 25 Holiday Songs of the [20th] Century; Jennifer Anthony, visiting assistant professor, music library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Josip Barlek, professor and higher curator, Ethnographic Museum, Zagreb, Croatia; John Whit Curtis, for his assistance with the entry Beautiful Star of Bethlehem; Diane deBlois, Public Affairs Ofce, Canadian Consulate General, Atlanta, Georgia; Father Krikor Maksoudian, director, Krikor and Clara Zohrab Information Center, Diocese of the Armenian Church of America, New York City; Institute of Ethnology and Folklore, Zagreb, Croatia, which provided the hardcover book Christmas in Croatia; Peter McInally, British Information Services, New York City; Linet Mavesere, curator of Ethnography, Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences, Zimbabwe, Africa; Creighton Pencheon, ag director of culture in the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies; Julie Crump Pugh; Ronnie Pugh, Country Music Foundation, Nashville, Tennessee; Richard Starbuck, director, Archives of the Moravian Church in America, Southern Province, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Grateful appreciation is also extended to Ms. Linda Campbell Franklin for illustration research.

I also would like to thank the following foreign embassies in Washington, D.C., for providing summaries of Christmas traditions and customs in their respective countries: Austria, Barbados, Brazil (Philip Dimitrov, ambassador), Colombia (Assad Jater, cultural attach), Czech Republic, Denmark (Sarah L. Rothmann, information ofcer), Ecuador (Jorge Saade-Scaff, cultural and press attach), Ethiopia, Fiji (Lele Vosailagi), Finland, France, Greece, Guyana (Annette Carter-Harris, executive ofcer), Iceland, Indonesia (Puspita Sariwati), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia (Sandija Macane), Lebanon (Wajdi Najjar), Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sierra Leone (J.G. Caulker, rst secretary), Sweden, Switzerland (C. Cadem), Ukraine (Irene Datsenko, librarian), Venezuela (Karl Krispin, cultural attach).