John V. Canfield - Wittgenstein, Language and the World
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Wittgenstein, Ludwig,--1889-1951, Language and languages--Philosophy, Criterion (Theory of knowledge) , Necessity (Philosophy) , Judgment (Logic)
publication date
:
1981
lcc
:
B3376.W564C36eb
ddc
:
192
subject
:
Wittgenstein, Ludwig,--1889-1951, Language and languages--Philosophy, Criterion (Theory of knowledge) , Necessity (Philosophy) , Judgment (Logic)
Page i
The essential thing about metaphysics: it obliterates the distinction between factual and conceptual investigations. Zettel 438.
Page iii
Wittgenstein
Language and World
John V. Canfield
THE UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS PRESS AMHERST 1981
Page iv
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Copyright 1981 by The University of Massachusetts Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America
Quotations from Wittgenstein's The Blue and Brown Books, The Philosophical Investigations, Philosophical Grammar, Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, Philosophical Re marks, On Certainty, and Zettel, reprinted by permission of G. E. M. Anscombe and Basil Blackwell, Publishers.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Canfield, John V. Wittgenstein, language and the world. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 18891951. 2. Languages Philosophy. 3. Criterion (Theory of knowledge) 4. Neces sity (Philosophy) 5. Judgment (Logic) I. Title. B3376.W564C36 192 81-4522 ISBN 0-87023-318-1 AACR2 ISBN 0-87023-319-x (pbk.)
Page v
To Mary
Page vii
CONTENTS
Preface
ix
Overview
1. Introduction
3
2. Language Games
18
Criteria
3. Defining Criteria
31
4. Criteria and Circumstances
52
5. Criteria and Meaning
70
6. Noninductive Evidence
79
7. Counterarguments
96
8. Scope and Method
130
Necessity
9. Grammatical Truth and Conceptual Necessity
151
10. The Grammar of Grammar
172
11. Grammatical Investigations
204
Notes
213
Bibliography
227
Page ix
PREFACE
Wittgenstein's later work remains, after decades of study, in significant part poorly grasped or misinterpreted. When correctly understood it will make possible a radical critique of philosophy and the many areas of the intellectual life that, whether consciously or not, are philosophical.
To make Wittgenstein's thought available, what is needed are in-depth examinations of his major concepts; this book undertakes part of that task. I deal with two connected ideas, that of a "criterion," or standard by which one judges truth, and that of a "grammatical" proposition or remark. Criteria link language and world, and are thus of central importance. There has been much controversy about what a criterion is for Wittgenstein. I develop an interpretation of his notion contrary to the currently favored one. The position on criteria I present is not meant to be of exegetical interest only; my aim, in addition, is to set forth a view of criteria and their role in language that is correct in substance. In short, I try to say what the relationship between language and world is, in Wittgenstein, and in truth.
Statements of criteria are themselves grammatical remarks, and part of understanding criteria is understanding the general nature and status of grammatical remarks. In particular, one must understand Wittgenstein's treatment of these remarks as logically or conceptually necessary. In treating grammatical remarks I attempt to spell out Wittgen-
Page x
stein's understanding of the nature of necessity, and, as in the prior case, argue that this understanding is correct.
I will not argue explicitly against current rival traditions in the theory of reference and modality. I had these in mind as I wrote and have tried to present a clear, detailed, and viable alternative to them.
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