Zaheer Baber - The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India

Ibid., 31. See also ibid., 241 for Jones's memorandum enumerating the languages he had studied: "Eight languages studied critically: English, Latin, French, Italian, Greek, Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit; Eight studied less perfectly, but all intelligible with a dictionary: Spanish, Portugese, German, Runick, Hebrew, Bengali, Hindi, Turkish; Twelve studied least perfectly, but all attainable: Tibetan, Pali, Pehlavi, Deri, Russian, Syriac, Ethiopic, Welsh, Swedish, Dutch, Chinese."()

Dionne and Macleod, 1979:60.

Mabberley, 1977: 52340.

Lewis Roberts, quoted in Mukerji, 1983: 192.

Fernand Braudel, vol. 3, 1984: 512. For a good account of the armies in various regions and time periods in India, see Dirk H.A. Kolff, 1990.

T. Shanin, 1983.

Schoff, 1974.

This section on van Rheede's botanical research relies on Dan H. Nicholson, C.R. Suresh, K. S. Manilal, 1988.

William Adam, 1868. See also Joseph Di Bona, 1983.

For an explicit critique of Bhaskar's critical realism, see Latour and Woolgar, 1979.

W. S. Blunt, quoted in Dionne and Macleod, 1979: 65.

Habib, 1991: 142.

Ainslie T. Embree, 1989: 69. See also Gregory Nobles, 1993, for an excellent analysis of the role of cartography in establishing hegemony in a different context.

Akeel Bilgrami, 1994: 1763.

C. Wright Mills, 1980: 162.

Ibid., 16.()

Ain-I-Akbari, vol. 2, 135.

Vandana Shiva, 1988: 255.

Ibid., 1113.()

Ibid., 28081.()

Nehru, quoted in J. Sharma, 1991: 169.

Zysk, 1991: 12832. Other discussions on this topic include Rahul Peter Das, 1987: 1924; U. C. Dutt and George King, 1922.

Susantha Goonatilake, 1984.

Ibid., 131.()

Ibid., 6566.()

Denys Forrest, 1970.

M. K. Gandhi, 1966, quoted in Guha, 1990b: 43147.

Henry Beveridge, vol. 1, 1914: 20304.

Ibid., 193.()

Ibid.()

Quoted in Romesh Dutt, vol. 1, 1969: 26263.

Ibid., 35.()

R. V. Parulekar, 1951; G. W. Leitner, 1883; Francis Buchanan, 1926. An account of indigenous education in the eighteenth century can be found in Dharampal, 1983.

Hunter, 1799: 18182.

Sir Syed, cited in Habib, 1991: 141.

S. Goodfellow, cited in R. Dionne and R. Macleod, 1979: 60.

Babur-Nama: 139.

Colebrooke, 1817.

Ibid., 3.()

See J. D. Hooker, 1969 [1852], for an account of Hooker's botanical expedition to India.

Rennell, 1792: 33564.

Ibid., 115.()

Ibid.()

Curzon, quoted in Macleod, 1975: 355.

For the arguments in this section, I rely on: J. N. L. Baker, 1963, and Markham, 1895.

Bayly, 1989: 114.

Ibid.()

Markham, 1895: 57.

Visvanathan, 1985: 26.

Needham, 1969: 87.

Pelsaert, 1970 [1925]: 60.

Ibid., 169.()

Ibid., 153.()

Scott, 1971 [1792]: 267.

S. R. Sarma, 1987: 63.

Tacitus, Annals, iii, 53. Cited in Wilferd H. Schoff, 1974: 219.

Ibid.()

Ibid.()

See Deepak Kumar, 1991.

The inland navigation map is included in Rennell, 1792: 364.

Ibid., 63940.()

Irfan Habib, 1979; for a comprehensive analysis of the economy of the Mughal empire, see Shireen Moosvi, 1987.

Walker, 1971: 186.

Suniti Kumar Chatterji, 1948: 8287.

George Curzon, Speech on the Presentation of the Freedom of the Borough Derby, 28 July 1904, IOLR, Mss. Eur. F112/630; Curzon, 1904: 40.

Marika Vicziany, 1986: 642.

Saha, quoted in R. S. Anderson, 1975: 60.

Baines, 1835: 57.

Cited in W.C. Mackenzie, 1953: 45.

Curzon Papers, IOLR, Mss. Eur. F111/248 (b).

Ibid., 23.()

Francis Buchanan, 1807.

Ibid., 50. See also chapter 5 for further details of the discussion of medicine and healing in the Buddhist canonical literature.()

Percival Spear, cited in Wallerstein, 1990: 33.

A. K. Chakravarty, 1987: 24.

Ibid., 66.()

Quoted in Dionne and Macleod, 1979: 65.

Ibid., 9. See also Turner, 1990: 118.()

Ibid., 158.()

Embree, 1989: 77.

Details of scientific and agricultural societies and research during the Company's rule can be found in Edward W. Ellsworth, 1991, chapters 7 and 8.

William Tennant, vol. 2, 1804: 78.

Habib, 1980: 17.

Dalhousie, quoted in the Report of the Indian Industrial Commission, 19161918, 1919: 254.

Joseph, 1991: 216.

Ibid., xvii.()

Adam, cited in S. Nurullah and J. P. Naik, 1951: 42.

Ibid., 382.()

Ibid.()

Dalhousie, cited in Adas, 1989: 225.

Roy, 1986: 168; Meulenbeld, 1987: 5 list only four: taste (rasa), postdigestive taste (vipaka), potency (virya), and specific action (prabhava).

Edward Ellsworth, 1991.

Ibid., 515.()

The Madras Government Museum has a nearly complete series of coins of the Roman emperors during the period of active trade with India, all of them excavated in southern India. See Schoff, 1974: 21920 for further details. A good account of the maritime trade in the ancient period can be found in E. H. Warmington, 1974; Vimala Begley and Richard Daniel De Puma, 1991.

Ibid., 41819()

Joseph, 1991: 23436. A detailed discussion of these calculations can also be found in Saraswathi, 1969: 5978.

William Jones, 1799 [1784]: xxi.

R. J. Forbes, vol. 4, 1956: 155.

Ibid.()

Ibid.()

The diversity of views on nature and technology in western Europe has been examined in the following studies: J. P. S. Uberoi, 1984; F. A. Yates, 1964; A. Debus, 1965, 1978; K. Thomas, 1983; For a recent discussion of the controversy between Goethe and Newton on the theory of colors, please see J. W. Myles, 1994; D. Bjelic and M. Lynch, 1994.

Ibid.()

Sircar, cited in Visvanathan, 1985: 25.

Markham, 1880: iv, 1.

Parpola, 1975: 19495.

Thibaut in B. D. Chattopadhyaya, vol. 2, 1982: 449.

Brockway, 1979: 106.

Charles Grant quoted in Syed Mahmood, 1895: 1113.

James Rennell, quoted in Markham, 1895: 83.

Ibid., 92.()

Ibid.()

P. M. Mehta, ed., vol. 4, 1949: 4.13. Cited in Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, 1977: 60.

Detailed studies of these systems of weights and measures can be found in V.B. Mainkar, 1984; B. B. Vij, 1984.

Ibid., 36162.()

Sircar, cited in C. Palit, 1991: 155.

Cited in Romila Thapar, 1974: 60.

C. Bayly, 1990: 723.

White, 1962: 131.

A. L. Basham, 1967: 184.

Needham, 1954: 16.

Ibid., 15.()

Richard Kirwan, cited in Baker, 1963: 144.

Cited in Visvanathan, 1985: 48.

Joseph, 1991: 266.

Hobsbawm, 1968: 148.

Ibid., 124126.()

Habib, 1963: 3132.

Bayly, 1990: 5.

Sir Syed, cited in Habib, 1991: 144.

K. N. Chaudhuri, 1982: 394.

Philip Woodruff, vol. 2, 1963: 20.

Ibid., 195.()

Ibid.()

Ibid., 2122.()

P. J. Thomas, 1926: 152.

Rennell, 1792: 33537.

Susan Cannon, 1978: 105.

Habib, 1980: 19; William Irvine, 1962.

Prabirjit Sarkar, 1992: 297.

Bhaskar, 1989: 180.

T. A. Saraswathi Amma, 1979. Saraswathi Amma provides the most detailed analysis of the development of mathematics in ancient India.

Ibid., 203.()

James Mill, vol. 2, 1840: 10001, 150.

Rev. K. M. Banerjee, quoted in Palit, 1991: 157.

H. Sharpe, 1920: 98101.

Lucile H. Brockway, 1979: 27. A firsthand account of this expedition can be found in Robert Fortune, 1852.

Ibid., 54.()

Russell Dionne and Roy Macleod, 1979.

Markham, 1895:64.

Clark, 1962: 361. See also G. R. Kaye (1927). None of the historians of science agree with Kaye's dating of the manuscripts to the twelfth century A.D.