John Talbot - Made for Trade

MADE FOR TRADE

A N EW V IEW OF I CENIAN C OINAGE

JOHN TALBOT

Published in the United Kingdom in 2017 by

OXBOW BOOKS

The Old Music Hall, 106108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JE

and in the United States by

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Oxbow Books and the individual authors 2017

Hardback Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-812-1

Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-813-8 (epub)

Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-814-5 (Mobi)

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Front cover: Boar Horse B (A) Stater reverse from die 13; Norfolk Wolf A Stater obverse from die K ( J. Talbot).

This book is the end result of a journey that started with a die-study of coinage suggested by Philip de Jersey, when I was looking for something to lose myself in after the death of my son Martin. Philip has continuously gone out of his way to help me as the study progressed. Other major influences have been Chris Rudd, who has constantly provided me with information and material, and John Davies of Norfolk Archaeology Service, who read early versions for me and encouraged me to finish the study at a university. This book is a revised and updated version of the DPhil thesis, which I completed at the School of Archaeology, University of Oxford in 2016. I owe a huge debt to Chris Gosden, my supervisor, who moved my focus away from purely coinage towards anthropology, various traditions of art, contemporary art theory, ancient economies, and much more during my time at Oxford. Barry Cunnliffe was tremendously helpful to me at Oxford and I am also very grateful for the input of my DPhil examiners Colin Haselgrove and Chris Howgego.

I would not have been able to produce this thesis without the help of a great many other people and in particular I would like to thank: Martin Allen, Bethany Archibald, John Bailey, the late David Blackburn, Billy Bragg, Martin Bridgewater, Amanda Chadburn, Anwen Cooper, Megan Dennis, Julia Farley, Chris Green, Heather Hamilton, Mark Landon, Ian Leins, Tom Lomax, Adrian Marsden, Courtney Nimura, Peter Northover, Vincenzo Palleschi, Tim Pestell, Jude Plouviez, Adrian Popescu, Andrew Rogerson, John Sills, Fraser Sturt, Mike Vosper, Dan Wait and Terry Younge. Also Hannah, Julie, Katie and Mette and the team at Oxbow.

I would also like to thank all my family and friends who have supported me during the many years of this study.

1.1 The four Icenian (clockwise from the modern penny, included for scale): Quarter Stater, Unit, Half Unit and Stater

1.2 Icenian coin finds and key locations

1.3 Two Boar Horse B Staters struck from die 6

1.4 Boar Horse B Staters struck by die 6:D, D:7 and 7:F

1.5 Composite images of Boar Horse B Stater die 6 (left) and Norfolk Wolf B Stater die 18 (right)

1.6 Extract from a graphic die-chart

1.7 Anted Units: extract from die-chart

1.8 Allens traditions (left to right): Boar-Horse, Face-Horse and Pattern-Horse

1.9 Norfolk Wolf A Stater from dies M:14

1.10 Bury A from dies B:3a

1.11 The Snettisham Issue

2.1 Gallo-Belgic E found at Brinton in Norfolk (Norfolk Historic Environment Service)

2.2 The distribution of Gallo-Belgic Ab (John Sills 2003, map 19)

2.3 Thurrock Potin found at Snettisham

2.4 Republican Denarius found at Shernborne, Norfolk

2.5 Distribution of Ingoldisthorpe types: a) Quarter Stater; b) Stater

2.6 British A1 obverse (centre) with reverses of Westerham (left) and Ingoldisthorpe (right)

2.7 Reverses of Gallo-Belgic D (left) and Ingoldisthorpe Quarter Stater (three right)

2.8 From left: Norfolk Wolf A Stater, Norfolk Wolf A Quarter Stater and Norfolk Wolf B Stater

2.9 Distribution of Norfolk Wolf A Staters: blue) 1; red) die-group 2; white) die-group 4

2.10 Typical reverse dies from Norfolk Wolf B Sub-types AD

2.11 Distribution of Norfolk Wolf B Sub-types: a) JB A; b) JB B; c) JB Ci; d) JB Cii; e) JB D

2.12 Distribution of Norfolk Wolf B A die-groups: a) die-groups 2,4 and 5; b) die-group 1

2.13 The earliest Units: Bury A, Bury C 1, Bury C 2 and Bury H

2.14 From left: Bury A die 6, Bury C die 4 and Whaddon Chase Stater ( Chris Rudd)

2.15 Distribution of: a) Bury A die-group 1; b) Bury A die-group 2; c) Bury C Sub-type1; d) Bury C Sub-type 2; e) Bury H

2.16 Early local Units: Bury B, Large Flan A and Large Flan C

2.17 Flame from mouth of Large Flan A reverse (die 6)

2.18 Mule showing die-link between Large Flan A and Large Flan C ( 78 0085)

2.19 Distribution of: a) Large Flan C; b) Large Flan A; c) Bury B

2.20 Poorly struck Large Flan C die-group 3 coins from dies 6 and 7

2.21 Distribution of Bury B die-groups: a) die-group 1; b) die-group 2; c) die-group 3

2.22 The rarer local Units: Bury D, Bury E, Bury F, Bury G, Large Flan B 1, Large Flan B 2, Large Flan B 3, Large Flan D, Spiral

2.23 Distribution of: a) Large Flan B sub-type I (yellow), sub-type II (blue) and sub-type III (black); b) Bury D

2.24 Distribution of Large Flan D Unit

2.25 Worn dies. From left: Bury A dies D, E and F; and Bury B die E

2.26 Early local period Half Units: Bury Pallas, Bury Face Horse, Bury Butterfly, Large Flan B

2.27 Strikes from Bury Pallas Half Unit obverse die D

2.28 Distribution of: a) Bury A Unit; b) red: Bury Pallas, blue: Bury Butterfly; c) Bury C Unit

2.29 Large Flan Quarter Stater (left) and Bury Quarter Stater (right)

3.1 Distribution of Units produced during the first denominational period: a) Mint A; b) Mint C

3.2 Mid-denominational period Units from Mint A, B and C: a) Boar Horse B; b) Early Pattern Horse A; c) Early Pattern Horse B

3.3 Final denominational period Units from Mint A, B and C: a) Ecen; b) Late Face Horse; c) Ece B

3.4 Consecutive Unit reverses from Mint A, B and C

3.5 From left to right: Stylistic development of Mint A Staters

3.6 From left: Late Early Boar Horse Stater die D and early Boar Horse B Stater dies of both sub-types

3.7 Distribution of Mint A Units: a) Snettisham; b) Plouviez; c) Irstead; d) Early Boar Horse

3.8 From left: Anted die E and Ecen die 17 mule

3.9 Distribution of late Units from Mint A: a) Anted die-group 1; b) Ecen die-group 1

3.10 Irstead Quarter Staters. From left: Irstead, Boar Horse B and Boar Horse C

3.11 The Snettisham Issue. From left: Stater, Quarter Stater, Unit and Half Unit

3.12 Early Snettisham Quarter Stater

3.13 From left: ABC 2466, Snettisham Quarter dies A:1 and ABC 2255

3.14 Distribution of the Snettisham Issue: a) Stater; b) Quarter Stater; c) Unit; d) Half Unit

3.15 The Plouviez Issue. From left: Stater, Unit and Half Unit