SUBRATA GHOSHAL - Computer Architecture And Organization From 8085 To Core2duo And Beyond

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Computer Architecture

and Organization

(From 8085 to Core2Duo and beyond) (From 8085 to Core2Duo and be

y

ond)

Subrata Ghoshal

Professor and Head, Information Technology Department

Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim

Delhi Chennai Chandigarh

A01_GHOS1557_01_SE_FM.indd i A01_GHOS1557_01_SE_FM.indd i 5/3/11 2:02 PM 5/3/11 2:02 PM

EditorAcquisitions: Sachin Saxena

The circuits, software routines, schematics and ideas presented in this book are purely for academic

purpose. The author and the publisher have made their best efforts in preparing this book. Neither the

publisher nor the author offer any warranty for the accuracy or completeness of any information.

All registered trademarks belong to respective organizations.

Copyright 2011 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold,

hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publishers prior written consent in any form of binding

or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition

being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved

above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other-

wise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book.

ISBN 978-81-317-6155-7

First Impression

Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd, licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia.

Head Of ce: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A-8(A), Sector 62, Noida 201 309, UP, India.

Registered Of ce: 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India.

Compositor: Glyph International Pvt. Ltd.

Printer: India Binding House.

A01_GHOS1557_01_SE_FM.indd ii A01_GHOS1557_01_SE_FM.indd ii 5/3/11 2:02 PM 5/3/11 2:02 PM

To my wife

Rita

and my daughter

Bulbul

who are still tolerating me even after my fth book.

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A01_GHOS1557_01_SE_FM.indd iv A01_GHOS1557_01_SE_FM.indd iv 5/3/11 2:02 PM 5/3/11 2:02 PM

Brief Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Overview of Computer 14

Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Digital Logic Circuits 28

Chapter 4 Computer Arithmetic 58

Chapter 5 Processor Basics 94

Chapter 6 Instruction Set and Assembly Language

Programming 149

Chapter 7 The Memory System 198

Chapter 8 Input/Output Organization 237

Chapter 9 Microprogramming and Microarchitecture 267

Chapter 10 Control Unit Operation 301

Chapter 11 Operating System 345

Chapter 12 Pipelining 367

Chapter 13 Parallel Processing and Super-Scalar

Operation 391

Chapter 14 Embedded Systems 411

Chapter 15 Computer Peripherals 430

Appendix-A Number Systems 442

Appendix-B SPARC and Ultra-SPARC 449

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vi Brief Contents

Appendix-C Power PC 463

Appendix-D Intel Core2Duo 475

Appendix-E MIPS R4000 494

Appendix-F Project Bank 510

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Contents

Preface xxv

Acknowledgements xxvi

About the Author xxvii

1. Introduction 1

Chapter Objectives 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Difference Between Architecture and Organization 2

1.1.2 Essential Architectural Features of a Computer 3

1.2 Historical Background 3

1.2.1 Mechanical Computers (Calculators) 3

1.2.2 First Generation (Vacuum Tubes) 4

1.2.3 Second Generation (Transistors) 6

1.2.4 Third Generation (Integrated Circuits) 6

1.2.5 Fourth Generation (VLSI) 7

1.3 Classi cation 8

1.3.1 Embedded Systems 8

1.3.2 Personal Computers (PCs) 9

1.3.3 Work Stations 9

1.3.4 Servers 9

1.3.5 Mainframes 10

1.3.6 Looking Forward 10

Summary 11

Points to Remember 11

Review Questions 12

2. Overview of Computer 14

Chapter Objectives 14

2.1 Basic Structure of Computer Hardware 14

2.2 Fundamental Units 15

2.2.1 HDD and SMPS 16

2.2.2 Motherboard 16

2.3 Basic Operational Concepts 18

2.3.1 Processor Clock 18

2.3.2 Program Counter 18

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viii Contents

2.3.3 Instruction Fetch 19

2.3.4 Instruction Decode 19

2.3.5 Instruction Execute 20

2.3.6 Program Flow Control 21

2.4 Bus Structure 21

2.4.1 Internal Bus 21

2.4.2 External Bus 22

2.5 Building Blocks of a Computer 22

2.5.1 Digital Logic 22

2.5.2 Microarchitecture 23

2.5.3 Operating System 24

2.5.4 Users Program 24

Summary 24

Points to Remember 24

Review Questions 25

3. Fundamentals of Digital Logic Circuits 28

Chapter Objectives 28

3.1 Introduction 28

3.1.1 Background 29

3.1.2 Scope 29

3.2 Boolean Algebra 29

3.2.1 Boolean Operators 30

3.2.2 Truth Table 31

3.2.3 Boolean Identities 32

3.3 Logic Gates 32

3.3.1 Common Logic Gates 33

3.3.2 Universal Gates 34

3.4 Combinational Circuits 35

3.4.1 Decoder 36

3.4.2 Multiplexer 37

3.5 Arithmetic Circuits 38

3.5.1 Half Adder 38

3.5.2 Full Adder 39

3.5.3 n-Bit Adder 39

3.6 Sequential Circuits 40

3.6.1 Clock Signal 40

3.6.2 Basic Latch 41

3.6.3 S-R Latch 42

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