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Edmund M. Clarke Jr. - Model Checking (Cyber Physical Systems Series)

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An expanded and updated edition of a comprehensive presentation of the theory and practice of model checking, a technology that automates the analysis of complex systems.

Model checking is a verification technology that provides an algorithmic means of determining whether an abstract modelrepresenting, for example, a hardware or software designsatisfies a formal specification expressed as a temporal logic formula. If the specification is not satisfied, the method identifies a counterexample execution that shows the source of the problem. Today, many major hardware and software companies use model checking in practice, for verification of VLSI circuits, communication protocols, software device drivers, real-time embedded systems, and security algorithms. This book offers a comprehensive presentation of the theory and practice of model checking, covering the foundations of the key algorithms in depth.

The field of model checking has grown dramatically since the publication of the first edition in 1999, and this second edition reflects the advances in the field. Reorganized, expanded, and updated, the new edition retains the focus on the foundations of temporal logic model while offering new chapters that cover topics that did not exist in 1999: propositional satisfiability, SAT-based model checking, counterexample-guided abstraction refinement, and software model checking. The book serves as an introduction to the field suitable for classroom use and as an essential guide for researchers.

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The Cyber-Physical Systems Series Calin Belta editor Model Checking second - photo 1

The Cyber-Physical Systems Series

Calin Belta, editor

Model Checking, second edition, Edmund Clarke, Jr., Orna Grumberg, Daniel Kroening, Doron Peled and Helmut Veith

Model Checking

second edition

Edmund Clarke, Jr., Orna Grumberg, Daniel Kroening, Doron Peled and Helmut Veith

The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England

2018 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

For information about special quantity discounts, please email special_sales@mitpress.mit.edu.

This book was set in Syntax and Times Roman by the author.

Printed and bound in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Clarke, Edmund M., Jr. (Edmund Melson), 1945 author.

Title: Model Checking / Edmund M Clarke Jr., Orna Grumberg, Daniel Kroening, Doron Peled, and Helmut Veith.

Description: Second edition. | Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2018. | Series: The cyber-physical systems series | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018014965 | ISBN 9780262038836 (hardcover: alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Computer systemsVerification.

Classification: LCC QA76.76.V47 C553 2018 | DDC 004.2/1dc23 LC record available at

https://lccn.loc.gov/2018014965

d_r0

In memory of Helmut Veith

This book is dedicated to

Martha, James, Jonathan, and Jeffrey,

Manfred, Noa, and Hila,

Anna, Theodore, Alexander, and Emilia,

Priva Peled,

Anna and Nikita

Contents
List of Figures

Synchronous modulo 8 counter

Reachable states of Kripke structure for mutual exclusion example

Computation trees

Illustration of temporal operators

A Kripke structure that satisfies neither EXp nor EXp

The logic CTL* and its sublogics

Basic CTL operators

Counterexamples for LTL

Procedure for labeling the states satisfying E(f1Uf2)

Procedure for labeling the states satisfying EGf1

Microwave oven example

Procedure for computing least fixpoints

Procedure for computing greatest fixpoints

Illustration of the computation of the set of reachable states using the post image

Procedure for reachability analysis for checking AGp

Sequence of approximations for E(pUq)

Tableau for (heat) Uclose

The product P of the microwave M and the tableau T

Procedure for computing the set of states satisfying the CTL* formula g = Eg1

A finite automaton

An automaton for words with finitely many as

An automaton for an infinite number of as and an automaton for an infinite number of bs

An automaton for words with an infinite number of as and bs

The double DFS algorithm

Cases 2a and 2b in the proof of theorem 7.8

Transforming a Kripke structure into an automaton

A Bchi automaton specifying mutual exclusion

An eventuality property

A Bchi automaton constructed for the LTL formula (h) Uc

Splitting a node

Efficient translation of LTL to generalized Bchi automaton

Update the set Closed

Update and split

Split a node

Creating a successor

The Kripke structure resulting from algorithm EfficientLTLBuchi when given the formula (h) Uc

Binary decision tree for a twobit comparator

OBDD for a two-bit comparator with ordering a1< b1< a2< b2

OBDD for a two-bit comparator with ordering a1< a2< b1< b2

Twostate Kripke structure

Witness is in the first strongly connected component

Witness spans three strongly connected components

Relational product algorithm

Algorithm for variable elimination

Procedure for binary search for a satisfying assignment for a given CNF C, implemented using a recursive call

Search tree for equation 9.6 with traversal using decisions x1 0 and x2 1

Procedure for binary search for a satisfying assignment for a given CNF C, implemented using a trail

Algorithm for Boolean constraint propagation (BCP)

Implication graph for the clauses given as equation 9.8

Algorithm for computing a conflict clause

The resolution proof for justifying the conflict clause x3x5 generated by Analyze-Conflict for the implication graph given as

Application of bounded model checking (BMC)

Model with diameter 2

Model for illustration of the kinduction principle

A resolution proof for equation 10.10

Example for an application of McMillans interpolation system

Procedure for reachability checking using overapproximating postimage computation with Craig interpolation

Illustration of frames F0,,Fk, which are subsets of S, for k = 2

Main loop of propertydirected reachability (PDR)

Procedure for adding another frame in PDR

Procedure for removing counterexamples to induction in PDR

Propagation of clauses into other frames

Illustration of removal of counterexamples to induction, with k = 2

Unwinding preserves bisimulation

Duplication preserves bisimulation

Two nonbisimilar structures

Simulation equivalent structures that are not bisimilar

Executing three independent transitions

Depthfirst search with partial order reduction

Execution of independent transitions

Two stuttering-equivalent paths

Transition commutes with 01m

Two concurrent processes

Full and reduced state graph

Diagram illustrating problem 2

Full and reduced (thick lines) state graph for a mutual exclusion program

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