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Hao Yu - ReRAM-based Machine Learning (Computing and Networks)

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Hao Yu ReRAM-based Machine Learning (Computing and Networks)

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The transition towards exascale computing has resulted in major transformations in computing paradigms. The need to analyze and respond to such large amounts of data sets has led to the adoption of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods in a wide range of applications.

One of the major challenges is the fetching of data from computing memory and writing it back without experiencing a memory-wall bottleneck. To address such concerns, in-memory computing (IMC) and supporting frameworks have been introduced. In-memory computing methods have ultra-low power and high-density embedded storage. Resistive Random-Access Memory (ReRAM) technology seems the most promising IMC solution due to its minimized leakage power, reduced power consumption and smaller hardware footprint, as well as its compatibility with CMOS technology, which is widely used in industry.

In this book, the authors introduce ReRAM techniques for performing distributed computing using IMC accelerators, present ReRAM-based IMC architectures that can perform computations of ML and data-intensive applications, as well as strategies to map ML designs onto hardware accelerators.

The book serves as a bridge between researchers in the computing domain (algorithm designers for ML and DL) and computing hardware designers.

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IET COMPUTING SERIES 39

ReRAM-based Machine Learning

Other volumes in this series:

Volume 1Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining M.A. Bramer (Editor)
Volume 3Troubled IT Projects: Prevention and turnaround J.M. Smith
Volume 4UML for Systems Engineering: Watching the wheels, 2nd Edition J. Holt
Volume 5Intelligent Distributed Video Surveillance Systems S.A. Velastin and P. Remagnino (Editors)
Volume 6Trusted Computing C. Mitchell (Editor)
Volume 7SysML for Systems Engineering J. Holt and S. Perry
Volume 8Modelling Enterprise Architectures J. Holt and S. Perry
Volume 9Model-based Requirements Engineering J. Holt, S. Perry and M. Bownsword
Volume 13Trusted Platform Modules: Why, when and how to use them Ariel Segall
Volume 14Foundations for Model-based Systems Engineering: From patterns to models J. Holt, S. Perry and M. Bownsword
Volume 15Big Data and Software Defined Networks J. Taheri (Editor)
Volume 18Modeling and Simulation of Complex Communication M.A. Niazi (Editor)
Volume 20SysML for Systems Engineering: A Model-based approach, 3rd Edition J. Holt and S. Perry
Volume 23Data as Infrastructure for Smart Cities L. Suzuki and A. Finkelstein
Volume 24Ultrascale Computing Systems J. Carretero, E. Jeannot and A. Zomaya
Volume 25Big Data-enabled Internet of Things M. Khan, S. Khan and A. Zomaya (Editors)
Volume 26Handbook of Mathematical Models for Languages and Computation A. Meduna, P. Horek and M. Tomko
Volume 29Blockchains for Network Security: Principles, technologies and applications H. Huang, L. Wang, Y. Wu and K.R. Choo (Editors)
Volume 32Network Classification for Traffic Management: Anomaly detection, feature selection, clustering and classification Zahir Tari, Adil Fahad, Abdulmohsen Almalawi and Xun Yi
Volume 33Edge Computing: Models, technologies and applications J. Taheri and S. Deng (Editors)
Volume 34AI for Emerging Verticals: Human-robot computing, sensing and networking M.Z. Shakir and N. Ramzan (Editors)
Volume 35Big Data Recommender Systems Volumes 1 and 2 Osman Khalid, Samee U. Khan and Albert Y. Zomaya (Editors)
Volume 40E-learning Methodologies: Fundamentals, technologies and applications M. Goyal, R. Krishnamurthi and D. Yadav (Editors)
ReRAM-based Machine Learning

Edited by
Hao Yu, Leibin Ni and Sai Manoj Pudukotai Dinakarrao

The Institution of Engineering and Technology

Published by The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom

The Institution of Engineering and Technology is registered as a Charity in England & Wales (no. 211014) and Scotland (no. SC038698).

The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2021

First published 2021

This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publisher at the undermentioned address:

The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Michael Faraday House
Six Hills Way, Stevenage
Herts, SG1 2AY, United Kingdom

www.theiet.org

While the authors and publisher believe that the information and guidance given in this work are correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgement when making use of them. Neither the authors nor publisher assumes any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such an error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed.

The moral rights of the authors to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this product is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-83953-081-4 (hardback)
ISBN 978-1-83953-082-1 (PDF)

Typeset in India by MPS Limited
Printed in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon

Contents
Acronyms
ANN

artificial neural network

BCNN

binary convolutional neural network

BNN

bitwise neural network

CNN

convolutional neural network

DNN

deep neural network

DRAM

dynamic random-access memory

FPGA

field programmable gate array

HDD

hard disk drive

IMC

in-memory computing

ML

machine learning

NDC

near-data computing

NVM

nonvolatile memory

ODD

optical disk drive

PCM

phase change memory

PIM

processing-in-memory

ReRAM

resistive random-access memory

ResNet

residual network

SLFN

single-layer feedforward neural network

SRAM

static random-access memory

STDP

spike timing-dependent plasticity

STT-MTJ

spin transfer torque magnetic tunnel junction

STT-RAM

spin transfer torque RAM

TNN

tensor neural network

TSV

through-silicon via

XIMA

crossbar in-memory architecture

1S1R

one selector one ReRAM

1T1R

one transistor one ReRAM

Preface

With the emergence of IoT and handheld devices, the amount of data procured in the data centers have reached nearly exa-scale. Processing such large amounts of data through traditional computing techniques is inefficient due to latency and inefficient resource usage. With the introduction in machine learning (ML) and success in multiple application, ML has been adopted for big data processing.

Despite advancements in terms of processing through ML, transferring and communicating the data to and from the memory and storage units is seen as one of the major bottlenecks. In-Memory Computing (IMC) is seen as a panacea to overcome the challenges of traditional Von-Neumann architectures. For efficient IMC, frameworks such as Hadoop and MapReduce frameworks have been introduced. Such frameworks explore the temporal locality to process such large amounts of data. Despite efficient compared to traditional computing paradigms, existing IMC paradigms are inefficient in terms of power consumption and latency requirements, especially when employed in data centers and other cloud computing platforms.

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