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Richard Sites - Understanding Software Dynamics

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An Expert Guide to Software Performance Optimization From mobile and cloud apps to video games to driverless vehicle control, more and more software is time-constrained: It must deliver reliable results seamlessly, consistently, and virtually instantaneously. If it doesnt, customers are unhappy--and sometimes lives are put at risk. When complex software underperforms or fails, software engineers need to identify and address the root causes. This is difficult and, historically, few tools have been available to help. In Understanding Software Dynamics, performance expert Richard L. Sites tackles the problem head on, offering expert methods and advanced tools for understanding complex, time-constrained software dynamics, improving reliability and troubleshooting challenging performance problems. Sites draws on several decades of experience pioneering software performance optimization, as well as extensive experience teaching graduate-level developers. He introduces principles and techniques for use in any environment, from embedded devices to datacenters, illuminating them with examples based on x86 or ARM processors running Linux and linked by Ethernet. He also guides readers through building and applying a powerful, new, extremely low-overhead open-source software tool, KUtrace, to precisely trace executions on every CPU core. Using insights gleaned from this tool, readers can apply nuanced solutions--not merely brute-force techniques such as turning off caches or cores.
  • Measure and address issues associated with CPUs, memory, disk/SSD, networks, and their interactions
  • Fix programs that are always too slow, and those that sometimes lag for no apparent reason
  • Design useful observability, logging, and time-stamping capabilities into your code
  • Reason more effectively about performance data to see why reality differs from expectations
  • Identify problems such as excess execution, slow instruction execution, waiting for resources, and software locks
Understanding Software Dynamics will be valuable to experienced software professionals, including application and OS developers, hardware and system architects, real-time system designers, and game developers, as well as advanced students. Register your book for convenient access to downloads, updates, and/or corrections as they become available. See inside book for details.

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Understanding Software Dynamics

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Understanding Software Dynamics

Richard L. Sites

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2021944164

Copyright 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cover image: Art Heritage/Alamy Stock Photo

All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit www.pearson.com/permissions.

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-758973-9
ISBN-10: 0-13-758973-5

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Dedicated to the memory of Chuck Thacker,
a true Friend of the Electron who could do more
performance analysis in his head than most mortals.

Foreword

Dick Sites approaches problem-solving in a way that is shockingly rare these days: he finds it almost personally offensive to make guesses, and instead he insists on understanding a phenomenon before trying to fix it. When faced with the complexity of modern computer systems, including their hardware and software, most programmers approach performance debugging armed with a hunch about what is happening and proceed to try this, try that with the hope that this might yield a shortcut to a solution. Those of us who use this method are implicitly giving up on the possibility of truly grasping the complex interactions that could cause a program to underperform. The idea that something computer related is beyond understanding certainly doesnt occur to Dick. Often it is the case that basic tools that provide telemetry on a programs behavior are missing. In those cases Dick does the obvious thing (for Dick), which is to build them, including the visualization framework that compresses essential information about program execution into readable charts that shine a bright light into program dynamics.

When you go through Dicks remarkable career, it becomes clear why he is confident in his ability to understand complex computing systems. He became a programmer at age 10 in 1959, and his curiosity about computing resulted in a career where he studied or worked closely with giants of our field such as Fran Allen, Fred Brooks, John Cocke, Don Knuth, and Chuck Seitz, to name just a few. His accomplishments in industry are impressively broad: from co-designing the DEC Alpha Architecture to working on Adobes Photoshop and speeding up Google web services such as Gmail.

When I met Dick (joining DEC in 1995), he was already a legend of our field, and I had the unique pleasure of spending time with him during his Google tenure and witnessed his problem-solving approach firsthand. Readers of this book will delight in the clarity of Dicks writing and how performance debugging problems are described as mysteries to be solved through his knowledge of hardware/software interactions and sequences of clues unveiled by observing detailed traces of program execution. This is a book that will be immensely useful for programmers and computer designers alike, in no small part because there is no other book to compare it with. It is as unique as its author.

Luiz Andr Barroso, Google Fellow

Preface

Understanding the performance of complex software is difficult. It is even more difficult when that software is time-constrained and mysteriously exceeds its constraints now and then. Software professionals have pictures in their heads of their softwares execution dynamics: How the various pieces work and interact together over time and estimates of how long each piece takes. (Sometimes they even document those pictures.) But when time constraints are not met, we have few tools for understanding whyfor finding the root cause(s) of delay and other performance anomalies. This is a textbook for software developers and advanced students who work on such software.

Software dynamics refers not just to the performance or execution time of a single program thread but to the interactions between threads, between unrelated programs, and between an operating system and user programs. Delays in complex software often are caused by these interactionscode blocking and waiting for other code to wake it up, runnable code waiting for the scheduler to assign it a CPU to run on, code running slowly due to shared-hardware interference from other code, code not running at all because an interrupt routine is using its CPU, code invisibly spending much of its time in operating-system services or in page-fault handling, code waiting for I/O devices or network messages from other computers, and so on.

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