Poduri S.R.S. Rao - Statistical Methodologies with Medical Applications

1. Chapter 01
2. Chapter 03
3. Chapter 04
4. Chapter 06
5. Chapter 07
6. Chapter 09
7. Chapter 10
8. Chapter 11
9. Chapter 12
10. Chapter 13
11. Appendix

1. Chapter 01
2. Chapter 04
3. Chapter 07
4. Chapter 10
5. Chapter 13

Poduri S.R.S. Rao

Professor of Statistics
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York, USA

To my grandchildren
Asha, Sita,
Maya and Wyatt

This edition first published 2017
2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Names: Rao, Poduri S.R.S., author.
Title: Statistical methodologies with medical applications / Poduri S.R.S. Rao.
Description: Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom ; Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016022669| ISBN 9781119258490 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119258483 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119258520 (epub)
Subjects: | MESH: Statistics as Topic
Classification: LCC RA409 | NLM WA 950 | DDC 610.2/1dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016022669

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover Image: Gun2becontinued/Gettyimages

• Heights, weights and BMI (Body Mass Index) of sixteen and twentyyearold boys from growth charts
• Immunization coverage of oneyearolds: Measles, DTP3 and HEP B3 from WHO reports
• Medical insurance for children
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

• Population growth rates and fertility
• Age, family size, income and health insurance
• Healthcare expenditure in Africa, Asia and Europe
• Vaccination for flu for different age groups
• Emergency department visits for cold symptoms, injuries and other reasons.

• Overweight and obesity
• Trends of adult obesity
• BMI and mortality
• Smoking, heart disease and cancer risk
• Air pollution and cancer risk
• Hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP) of males and females.
• Cholesterol levels: LDL and HDL
• Effects of overweight on LDL

• Lowdose aspirin and reduction of certain types of cancer
• Celiac disease and the benefits of glutenfree diet
• Statins and the reduction of LDL
• Exercise and its benefits for blood pressure levels
• Weight loss with diets of combinations of low and highlevels of fatty acids and protein

• Medical rehabilitation of stroke patients
• Functional independence measures of stroke patients from medical rehabilitation

• Sources: Reports of WHO, CDC, U.S. Health Statistics; Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA); New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), Lancet and other published literature.

Statistical analysis, evaluation and inference are essential for every type of medical study and clinical experiment. Physicians and medical clinics and laboratories routinely record the blood pressures, cholesterol levels and other relevant diagnostic measurements of patients. Clinical experiments evaluate and compare the effects of medical treatments and procedures. Medical journals report the research findings on the relative risks and odds ratios related to hypertension, abnormal cholesterol levels, obesity, harmful effects of smoking habits and excessive alcohol consumption and similar topics.

Estimation of the means, standard deviations, proportions, odds ratios, relative risks and related statistical measures of healthrelated characteristics are of importance for the above types of medical studies. Evaluation of the errors of estimation, ascertaining the confidence limits for the population characteristics of interest, tests of hypotheses and statistical inference, and Chisquare tests for independence and association of categorical variables are important aspects of many medical studies and clinical experiments. Statistical inference is employed, for instance, to assess the relationship between obesity and hypertension and the association between air pollution and bronchial problems. A variety of similar problems require statistical investigations and inference. Regression analysis is widely used to determine the relationship of clinical outcomes and physical attributes. In several clinical investigations, correlations between diagnostic observations are examined to search for the causal factors. Analysis of Variance and Covariance procedures are extensively employed to examine the differences between the effects of medical treatments. All the above types of statistical methods, procedures and techniques required for medical studies, research and evaluations are presented in the following chapters. Topics such as the Metaanalysis, Survival Analysis and Hazard Ratios, and nonparametric statistics are also included.

Following the descriptive statistical measures in the first chapter, definitions of probability, odds ratios and relative risk appear in . The final chapter contains topics in ANOVA and tests of hypotheses including the Simultaneous Confidence Intervals and Bootstrap Confidence Intervals.